INTRODUCTION LOW

INTRODUCTION TO LAW

( to teacher or lecturer: the subject matter of the dialogue below and the reading passages in the following chapters are taken from textbooks written by cominent lawyers; however, I had made alterations particularly with regard to linguistic elements such as sturucture and vocublary in order to suit the level of learning students. Although I have made these changes, nevertheless, I have always tried to retain the technical validity of the subject matter, in chapter one and chapter three. I have also changed the reading selection to the form of a discourse in order to simplify the English language and to increase comprehensions on the part of the learners. Furthermore, I have supplied the reading passages and the various exersice thoughout thid book with the Indonesian equivalents of some English words that are considered diffucult for students, however, the grammar translation method of teaching English to Indonesian learners is not recommended, in fact, it is a methodology which has long been discarded by linguists).

(two students, dang and ninin are discussing their studies during lunch break on campus).

Dang : hi, glad to see you. Threre something I’d like to ask you.

Ninin : what about?

dang : hm, about law. What does the course consist of?

Ninin : for the beginners like us, the course consist of among other things, introduction to law, pancasilla, the idieology of the state, etc.

Dang : well, let me put my question in simple terms. How do you start if you want so study law… I mean starting with the very simple in life?

Ninin : hm, very good question, well., you see those police patrolling the streers, they are repsentative of the law. They’re concerned with the normal rules of traffic safety, they regulate both vehicles and pedestarians, without those rules and police, dangerous situations can occur.

Dang : the beginning sound simple enough.

Ninin : yeah, things like that often happen if we didn’t have traffic regulation?

Dang : certainly, we need rules and regulation almost everywhere, even right hhere on campus.

Ninin : right. In one way or another, we must follow rules.

Dang ; Let me tell story, last week I bought some canned food, the cans looked all right but the food was bad.

Ninin ; yeach, things like that often happen, that’s way we have institute for the control of food sand drugs. Thid institute protects consumers from dishonest businessmen.

Dang : somebody should give them a fair punistment .

Ninin : of course, the law will punist them, but still there are always such abuses: one person will cheat another: one man will steal another’s valuable possessions; one institution will deceive another. There are numerous uncertainties in life.

Dang : but there are also many ways to solve these problems.

Ninin : indeed, nowdays, because thieving prowlers are common, many household keep at least one dog around to sound alarm, some others install electric buglary alarms at the door of their houses, well you know much of the uncertainty has changed for the better as time has passed. Some of this is due to scientific progress, but not all.

Dang : what is responsible for change then?

The law is responsible for most of the change, it has provided police protection for nearly everybody, even in smallest communities like the RW’s and the RT’s., that is way you can go to bed at night without having worry about danger, why you can drive along a country road without fear that a gunman will stop you. You see, the law has improved in many other to protective ways to defend you, and much of this improvement has occurred within the lifetimes of people still living.

Dang : I agree with you the improvement, all right, but don’t you know  that bribery of public officials is still common.

Ninin : you’re right, an unscrupulous man with great  power and wealth can do almost anything he wants to because the law. For some reason can’t stop him.

Dang : in fact the law can do a great deal.

Ninin : oh yes, fortunately there are now institutions that can protect people from the above mentioned practice, there are thousands people of young men and women who see the need for studying law and the many opportunities that lie ahead for the man with legal training not only for helping themselves, but for improving the conditions of others as well, bypassing of laws to limit the powers of mighty.

Dang : I believe the protection of mankind in the country should be increased in.

Ninin : certainly, there are many other laws to protect the honest person and the honest business against those who  would be dishonest. All do the most good for the  most people, have been established through the efforts of men and women who practice law, this is one of the reasons why law is noble proffesion.

Dang : hm, law is a noble profession, I’am glad decided to study law.

Nining : well, I’am glad for you too, it’s been nice to talking to you, but I have to go now,see you.

Compperehension activity

Read the diaologue thoroughly (dengan seksama), do the following exercise  by writing R for a statement which is correct to the discourse, W for a statement and NC for any statement which is not stated in the diologue

1.             the police is repsentatives of the law.

2.             dang and nining are member of family.

3.             they went to same high school in Jakarta

4.             without traffic regulations, accidents will not occur

5.             people have to obey certain rules and regulations

6.             the lembaga ‘konsumen’ will protect people against gunmen

7.             dang was unhappy because the can was good but the food was bad

8.             people keep dogs in their houses because there are thieves around

9.             the electric burglary alarms are a scientific progress

10.         the has provided police protection only for some pople

11.         there are many thieving prowlers  due to scitiefic progress

12.         there has been no improvement in the system of law

13.         people with legal training have no opportunities at all

14.         law is noble profesion because lawyers study law

15.         law is noble profesion because it protects people from the dishonest person and dishonest business.

16.         materialism has dominated the law profession.

VOCUBLARY FOCUS

The vocublary items below are taken from the previous discourse, study these setences carefully

Consist of (v)-comprise, make up of: terdiri dari

Members of the board of trustees (dewan pengawas) have  been working very effectively because the board consist of very experienced senior workers

Repsentative (n)-person elected or appointed to represent or act for others; wakil

Those men are repsentatives of the pople in the house of repsentatives.

Concerned (participle)-interested; memperhatikan

Repsentatives of the law are concerned about order in society.

Safety (n)-security; protection; keselamatan

The police are patrolling the streets at night for the safety of the people.

Regulate (v)-direct; arrange; order; mengatur.

The police are regulating  traffic at the busy cross roads.

Pedestarians (n)-people who walk on the street; pejalan kaki.

The police arrested the pedestarians because they broke traffic rules.

Occur (v)-happen, take place; terjadi

The accident occurred at a crowded corner downtown.

Protect (v)-defend; guard; melindingi

Members of security guard are  protecting the rich man from attacks by bandits

Dishonest (v)-not honest, wrong, insincere; tidak jujur

He is a dishonest person; he likes to tell lies even under oth

Punishment (n)-rough treatment; penalty; hukuman.

The man got a fair punishment for the crime he had done; he had to clean prison yard every morning.

Fair (adj)-just; reasonable; adil

It was fair trial; the presiding judge sentenced him to two months in prison

Abuse (n)-wrong use; penyalahgunaan

Bribery is common in offices because of the abuse of power.

Cheat (v)-deceive; trick; betray; menipu

The store owner cheated his customers by selling low quality products at a high price.

Valuable (adj)-precious, costly; berharga

The old man geve me very valuble advice-work hard and be creative and you will succeed.

Possession (n)-belongging; property; harta benda.

The attorney general confiscated his valuable possessions which included a hundred bars of pure gold, diamonds, luxurious, etc.

Deceive (v)-cheat, trick, betray, menipu

He deceived the lady by giving evidence against her at the trial after he had promised not to do so.

Uncertainty (n)- irregularity; doubt; ketidakpastian

There was much uncertainty about the outcome of the controversial murder trial.

Prowlers (n)-people who steal; pencuri

You must lock your doors and windows because prowlers are going about in the neighborhood.

Household (n)-family; keluarga

Each household sent a delegation to the city council to seek justice in the land dispute.

Due to (adj)-caused by; owing to; kerena; disebapkan.

The fire in the factory was due to the carelessness of the workers.

Burglary (n)-crime of breaking into a house to steal; pencurian

There have been several burglary in our town in the last few month.

Alarm (n)-sound or signal giving a warning of danger; tanda bahaya.

The police shot into the air to give an alarm to the convicts.

Responsible (adj)-accountable; yang berhak; bertanggung jawab.

The police are responsible for safety of the people.

Provide (v)-supply; offer; give; membekali; memberi

The man cannot provide an adequate explaination for his action to the public prosecutor.

Defend (v)-protect; justify; membela

The lawyer can easly defend mr.selasih at the district court; mr. selasih is innocent.

Improvement (n)-advancement; perbaikan.

There has been improvement in the economy of the people in the villages since their rice harvests are good.

Bribery (n)-the act of giving something to somebody in order to influence him or her; penyuapan, penyogokan.

Bribery of  public official is never tolaranted in any society.

Unscrupulous (adj) not guided by conscience; tak bermoral

He is an unscrupulous person; he once ran away with the money of the poor.

Opportunity (n)- chance; kesempatan

He has opportunity to enter law as his profesion, but he does not have the will power (kemauwan keras).

Establish (v) found; build; construct; mendirikan.

They have been estahlished an institution to protect the weak from the exploitation of the strong.

Decide (v)-make up one’s mind; determine; menetapkan.

The former thief has decided to lead a good life by working as a farmer in the transmigration area.

Vocublary activity II

o   attorney general-jaksa agung

o   chief of justice-hakim agung

o   supreme court-mahkamah agung

o   attorney general office-kejaksaan agung

o   prosecutor-jaksa penuntut

o   judge-jaksa

o   city council-DPRD kota madya

o   councilor-penasehat hokum, dprd

o   distric court-pengadilan daerah

o   prevent-mencegah

o   hijack-membajak

o   confiscate-menyita

o   worthless-tidak berharga

o   remedy-obat

o   unwary-tidak hati-hati

vocublary activity II

fill in each blank in following exercise with the word or correct form of the word given in the list below.

Repsentative                          unscrupulous               pedestarian

Opportunity                           punishment                  household

Responsible                            protect                         prevent

District court                          burglary                       remedies

a.       the police are trying to                        the weak from the exploitation of the strong.

b.      Who is our ………….at present

c.        I have the …………to succed in my career if I work hard

d.      Since he is an …………..man, he receive bribes from anybody

e.       They……………the thief from entering the house by locking the doors and windows

f.       The villagers use herbs as …………against such diseases as fever and the common cold

g.      Those man are ……….the people in parliament; they make laws for country

h.      The landowners brought their case to the ……..some middlemen had cheated them in the sale of their land

i.        The boy did not receive any……………for the mistakes he had made

j.        ……….are common in the area since the people like to keep a lot of money and valuble possessions at home

k.      The man walking along the street is a……………..

l.        There is much ………..in the library, the school has provided more new books, journals, magazine, etc

m.    There are four member of the ………………, they are the pather, mother, and the two children.

n.      Father and mother are……………. For the well being of the family

o.      Many pople say that he became the director of the company because of……..

VOCABULARY ACTIVITY IV

Give a short responses to general questions below and include the words in boldface in your answers.

Example:

Where he did go ?

He went to school.

1.         what are you responsible for?

2.         what is pedestarian?

3.         what is your most valuble possession?

4.         name one garment industry in your area

5.         how can you prevent burglaries?

6.         how many people are there in your household?

7.         why did the government confiscate your property?

8.         where did the accident occur?

9.         who is regulating the traffic?

10.     do you live In a comfortable home?

11.     how many members does the baskerball team consist of ?

12.     what letters does thhe word “gone” consist of?

STURUCTURE FOCUS I; VERB “TO BE “ IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND PAST TENSE.

What are the three patterns for the use verb “to be” or lingking verbs, in the simple present tense and past tense.

Subject + to be + predicate noun

Subject + to be + predicate adjective

Subject + to be + predicate adverb

I	subject	To be	Predicate noun
	Mr. kismo ningprojo	is	An  attorney general
	Mr. ningprojo and his family	are	indonesian
	His wife	is	A  public prescutor
II	subject	To be	Predicate adjective
	The attorney general	is	Short and fat
	He	Is	inteligent
	The judges	are	Tired
III	subject	To be	Predicate adverb
	The chief justice	Is	From central jave
	His children	Are	At the university
	wife	is	At home

‘to be’ is also used with the expletive there as substitute subject , note that in a sentence with expletive there, the verb agrees eith the actual subject that follows it.

EXPLETIVE                          TO BE             SUBJECT

             There                                         are                student in the class

              There                                        is            a lawyer on the board of trustees

              There                                       are       two members of the city council today.

For the past tense of the verb “to be” am and is are changed to was and are is changed to were, depending on the subject of the sentence. Observing the following examples.

a.       Singular subject – the attoeney general was very sick last year

b.      Plural subject _ the lawyers were from the regional government.

Sentence Transformtion

Sentence transformation in the English language is very important because when two people taken part in the dialogue, they not only use sentence in the form statements, but they also ask question and make negative statements, and because the word order of a statement Is different from the word order of an intronegative or negative setemce, mastery of transformation of sentences is changed into a question by placing a form of the verd ‘to be’ in front of the statement.A negative statement Is formed by adding the negation ‘not’ to the sentence.

Examples:

                                                 I.      Mr. kismo ningprojo is an attorney general. (statement)

Is mr. kismo ningprojo is an attorney general (interrogative)

Mr. kismo ningprojo is not an attoeney general (negative)

What is mr. kismo ningprojo ? (question with word “what”)

                                              II.      There are two lawyers on the board of trustees (statement )

Are there two lawyers on the board of trustees?(onterronagative)

There are not two lawyers on the board of trustees.(negative)

How many lawyers are there on the board of trustees? (question with how )

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY I

Fill the blanks with the correct forms of the verb ‘to be’

Example:

Tole………a councilman

Tole is a councilman

1.      Mr. Suryo ningprojo………………fifty years old

2.      he…………a member of the board trustees of PT. sering gersang.

3.      there……….altogether  20 members on the board of trustees of the enterprise.

4.      PT sering gersang ………..a private enterprise exporting handcrafts to foreign countries.

5.      Indonesia handcrafts………..popular abroad.

6.      the lawyers on the board trustees…….responsible for the legal aspects of building the firm.

7.      thr two lawyers…………mr.panding madewa and mr. tejaksumana

8.      mr. madewa………….from bali, and Mr.tejaksukmana……..from west java.

9.      five years ago.they……….with the ministry of justice of the republic Indonesia.

WRITING ACTIVITY II

Make a simple setences of your own based on the concepts of any branch of law that you are familiar with. Then underlined the subject word and verb In each of your setences.

Example:

In the old days, people passed the laws by word of mouth

Subject – people                    verb - passed

CHAPTER TWO

THE BEGINNING OF LAW

As far as we know, the law began with family. The father was the head of family, and he orders the gave, the rule of conduct made by him, were the law.

As families expanded and the members went out on their own, the family group became know as clan, subject ti the rule of the man who was selected to head it. Eventually (akhirya), clan in the same area joined forces and became members of the tribe. They choose a chief to head this larger group.

The chief of the tribe made rules or laws to govern the dealing one of the clan with another, but the head of clan still made the laws for the family group. If a tribal law was broken, the chief decide the guilt or innoncence of the person accused and fixed the punishment. The head of clan judged and determined the punishment for those who broke the rules within his family group.

Those clan and tribal laws were not written down for countless century , we don’t know how many  but they were handed down (diteruskan) by word of mouth from one generation to another. Some of them are actually still in force today, for example, a man who was a member of one clan shoul not marry a women from the same clan; he had to choose his bride from another clan of the same tribe.

In ancient time, there were few property rights. It was considered (diangap) that god owned all the land and that members of any tribes who settled on the land could use it. Farming, hunting and fishing were the main ways of making a living then, and the tribes moved around a great deal. After the tract of the land had been worked for …….generation \, the tribe went on to look for richer oil and settled somewhere else, war of the subjugration were avoided, whenever fossible .

When a tribe moved , the law on the old land became or new laws were made only as wanderes found new custom in the new area or as the traits of the people changed. Still, the laws were handed down by word of mouth and not written down because people had not yet invited writing, even on stone tablets.

In Indonesia the laws of the land date back to the dutch colonial rule. It was the the dutch who introduced Europe laws to the country, then known as the Netherlands east indies. Sas early as 1824, there was a concept of separate law made by the dutch government. The populations was then devided into there group as far as laws were concern, namely:europans, native, and foreign oriental. Netherlanders living in the indies were subject to the laws for ueropans;  the indigeus inhabitans were the subject to the laws for the native, whereas the foreign Asians were not subject to either of the above. They were subject to a separate ordinance.

During the colonial rule, the laws for the natives were primarly the adat laws. Snouck hurgronye, the dutch Indonesians Arabic scholar and statesman of the nineteeth century, first point out that, since customary practices among most of the people of the archiphilago were dominated by the Arabic adat, or custom, adat also had legal connotations-so adat became adatrecht in duct hot adat law in English.

Many historican stated that the traits or the customs of the pople were the basis of adat law. Though deeply rooted in traditional culture, adat is embodiment of traditional values and morals well as an expression of universal villages. Today adat law still regulates such aspects of life as marriage, death, inheritance and divorce.

When speaking of the origin laws in Indonesia, one must go back to the priode when the Indonesia archipelago was under the colonial rule. The dutch brought with them them Europe system of government and other aspects of  life, and europan law was one of them. As has been priously mentioned there were separate laws in country unfer the colonial government in 1826.different groups of people were subject to  different laws. However, by 1848, there was a start towards codification of the law for the population  along Europeans line by enacting a police and prosedur kode  for natives and foreing of orienthals of java and madura in 1872, thus , even beginning from the dutch colonial rule , the nature of law to be applied to each group of the different groups of people living in the country was one of the most difficult policis problems in netgerlands east indies.

Another factor which is of great significance in the study of the origin of the law in Indonesia is the existence of the different ethic, group,in the country. The various ethic group have different cultural background, values and customs with regard to many aspects of communal life. For instance, concerning marriage, the minangkabau follow the matrilineal system in the batak clan system, member of the clan should assist one another in marriage ceremonies, and a certain type of heirachy in the marriage ceremonies, and a certain of  type hierarchy in the marriage organization, such as who should be the speaker, is decided by custom the billeteral system is common to the most of the regions of Indonesia, including java, madura, east Sumatra, riau, aceh, etc.

Condensed from:

1.       the lawyer, by luis kutner

2.       adat law in Indonesia, by gautama sudarga

3.       Indonesia, 1998 edititon

Comprehension activity

Read the selection thoroughly. Do the following exercise by writing R for a statement which is correct according the passage, W for incorrect and NC for any statement which is not include in the reading selection.

Example:

The chapter two is the beginning of law. R

1.  the father is the head of the family, but he also makes rules of members of society…….

2.  the chief is the head of the tribe…..

3.  if the member of the tribe broke the law, the chief did not punish him…….

4.  some tribal laws are still in force today……

5.  the tribal laws handed down from one generation to another on stone tablets………

6.  in anciet time, there were property rights because people believed that god owned the land……..

7.  the ducth introduced europan laws to the Indonesian archipelago,……

8.  in ancient time, the tribes moved only from one area to another and settled on the new land permanently……

9.  during the colonial rule, there was a concept of separate law introduced by the foreign orientals…….

10.             during the dutch colonial rule, the laws for the natives were the adapt laws

11.             the source of adat laws was habits and the customs of the people of Indonesia………

12.             at present, the adat laws only regulate marrieage and divorce in Indonesia.

13.             adat law is an expesions of  universal value…

14.             nowdays the adat laws are no longer in force….

15.             the different group of the people in indonesia during the dutch colonial rule were subject only to ueropean laws……..

16.             at the present, European laws do not exist in Indonesia.

QUESTIONS LEADING TO DISCUSSION

1.      how did the law began?

2.      what was a clan ? A tribe?

3.      who made rule or laws within the clans?

4.      who decided funishment for the quilty in the tribal society?

5.      how were the clan and the tribal laws handed down?

6.      can you name some clan or tribal laws that are in force today? In force=berlaku.

7.      do you know of any marriage law that is handed down by word of mouth?

8.      in the ancient time, those property was land considered to be?

9.      what were the main ways of making a living in the old days?

10.  why were laws handed down by word of mouth?

11.  who intoroduced law to our country?

12.  how many groups was the population of the Indonesian archipelago devided into that time?

13.  what was law each of these groups subject to ?

14.  during the colonial rule, used are always

15.  name some adat laws that still regulate marriage,birth, death, divorce, and inheritance?

16.  do you think the dutch law are used today are always approite for the condition existing now? Can you name some dutch laws today which should be changed to fit  present situation ?

17.  paragraph IX state that adat is an embodiment of  traditional values and morals. For example the breaking of Javanese marriage ceremony by the bridegroom and the cleaning of his feet by the bride is a symbol of a women submission to man. Can you name other adat ceremonies that have such traditional values?

18.  paragraph Xi states that the different ethic groups have distinct culture, and as you know, the traditional culture is the root of adat law. What is the most striking ( menyolok) adat law in your enthic group which comes from the traditional culture?

Vocublary Focus

The vocublary items in this chapter are treated as the vocublary items in chapter one, Indonesia equivalent are given; however the translation method is never recommended, study these setences.

Orders (n)-direction; rules; commands; perintah

The maneger of the firm gave orders to his subordinates; no employess should come to late.

Conduct (n)-manner, behaviour, prilaku, tingkah laku.

Speaking in law, soft voice is a good conduct in a javenese society.

Be subject to (v)-obident to; tunduk kepada

The people of  jakarta are subject to laws of the special district of Jakarta

Select (v)-choose, pick out, memilih.

The manager of the firm selected a brilliant economist to head the accounting department.

Govern(v)-rule. Give direction, memerintah, mengatur.

There are certain rules in the office that govern the workers’ behavior while at work.

Innocence (n)- freedom from guilt; guiltlessness; keadaan tidak bersalah.

The brilliant lawyer proved the man’s innocence in front of the member of the juri.(prove-membuktikan)

Accuse (v)-say that somebody has done something wrong, menuduh

The police accused him of stealing money from the bank.

By word of mouth (phare)-oral; not written; lisan.

The legend of roro jongrang was handed down to the children by word of mouth.

In force (phrase)-In power, berlaku

The old regulation in office is not in force, so many workers come late.

Ancient (adj) old. Belonging to times long past, kuno, purbakala.

Ancient people lived by the laws of nature, the strong lived and the weak died.

Subjugation (n)-conquest; penaklukan, penundukan.

Gajah mada is an Indonesian historical figure, he fought many wars of subjugation to unite the country, (unite-menyatukan)

Trait (n) quality, charasterictic; cirri, sifat.

Two traits of the Indonesian character are friendliness and a refined manner, (efined-luwes)

Invent (v)- discover, menemukan

People who invent new products or processes should register them with the department of patents.

Indigenous (adj)-native, pribumi

Temu lawak is an indigenous rhizome plant of  Indonesia. (rhizome plant-umbi-umbian).

Primarily (adj)- origanily, mainly, utama, pokok.

Most of the Javanese lengends such as the Ramayana and mahabrata are primarily from hindu culture.

Archipelago (n)-group of many island; nusantara.

Indonesian archipelago consist of more than three thousand islands. ( consist. Terdiri dari).

Dominate (v) have influence over, mempengaruhi, mengusai.

The strong dominate the weak.

Consequence (n)- result, outcome, akibat.

People are buying more things and in consequence prices are increasing, (increase-naik).

Root(v) implanted, instilled; berakar.

Pancasila the state ideology, is deeply root in indonesaian society.

Embodiment (n)-giving form or body to (spirit); wujud

Balinese traditional ceremonies are an embodiment of religeus and esthetic value. (value-nilai).

Origin (n)- beginning, asal

Bahasa melayu is the origin of the Indonesian language; it has spread from Sumatra to all parts of Indonesia.

Previously (adv)-earlier in order or time; sebelumnya

The speaker is now talking on the subject of tort; previously, he talked about ordinances.

Codification (n)-colecction of laws arranged in a system; penyusunan undang-undang.

There is a system of codification of organizational rules which employees have to follow.

Enact (v)-make by (law);decree, menjadikan undang-undang, mengesahkan.

A law has been enacted requiring every Indonesian citizen to have an identification card (KTP).

Apply (v)- use;employ; menggunkan

The organizationan applies the same rules to its officials as it does to its members.

Significance (n)- Importance; deep; meaning; makna,dampak

There is great significance in asking the man about his background.

Various (adj)-of different kind; diverse; berbagai macam

Various people are working at the institution; some are economist, others lawyers. Stiil other are simple house wives.

With regard to (adj)-concerning, pertaining to; sehubungan dengan, berkaitan dengan.

The members of jury are discussing about the client with regard to his educational background.

Assist (v)-help;aid; membantu

The security guard assisted the old man in finding his lost properties.

Hierarchy (n)-arrangement of autority from lowest to highest; jenjang kekuasaan

According to the hierarchy of the enterprise, mr lobo is the third man in the organization.

Vocublary accctivity I

 Study the following term

Statutory law – hukum menurut undang-undang

Tort – kasalahan, kerugian

Ordinance – peraturan

Local ordinance – peraturan local

Enactment – UU, pengumuman atau pembuatan

Codification _ penyusunan undang-undang

Code – sandi

Vocublary accctivity II

 Fill in each blank in the following exercise with the word or the correct form of the word given in the list below.

Trait = ciri               assist = membantu                   indigenous = pribumi

Root = berakar          selected =memilih

Hierarchy = susunan               subject to = tunduk kepada

Tort = kesalahan                       enactment = menetapkan

1.      mr.dadang lobo read                of the regulations in office to all his employees.

2.      the man did something legally wrong; he brought the             to court to make up his wromgful act.

3.      the teacher            the best student to lead the discussion in the front of the class.

4.      the komodo is an            animal of Indonesia. It lives on the island of komodo near the flores.

5.      the client has deep religious         his late farher was a religious teacher in the village.

6.      the student who fail the test are              a certain regulation. They will take make-up test.

7.      in the business organization, he is the man at the top of the 

8.      at the law firm several men            the director of the institution.

9.      according to the local             the man has commited a serious crime.

Vocublary activity III

The following is an integrated exercise. From the context, you can fill the blanks with words given in the list below. Observe in the text, English and Indonesian equivalents given for some words.

Subject to                     selected                             conduct

Orders                           expands                            assist

Hierarchy                      apply                                invent

By word of mouth

1.      according to the………….of the institution Mr.abdullah enteng is the man at the top. The five man who …………him are the deputies (wakil). These deputies help mr.abdullah enteng give………to employees at lower levels. The deputies give instruction …………..and sometimes they write down rules for come to work on time. Everyone is ….(5)……this particular rule. There are no exeptions, as the institution …(6)..the number employees also increase. Again mr,Abdullah enteng has to make rules of ……(7)….for the different personel. These rules are, among other workers may not smoke in an air-conditioned room; they may not fall sleep while on duty, etc. mr.abdullah enteng did not  these institution ….(9)….the same rules for their employees. However, mr. enteng did not just use every rule that is good for other offices. He……(10)….the ones that best fit his workers.

Structure focus I: the present perfect tense

Form: have/has + past participle of verb (have/has gone)

Usage: the present perfect tense has two use. Other thing:

1)      for a completed action at an idifinite time in the past. The time markers usually used are: just. Already, yet. Not yet. Etc.

2)      for an activity or a state that has continued for a period of time, from the point in the past until the present, the past to present period indicated by since 1982, for years, so far, up to now, in all her life, until now, etc.

the diagram will look like this.

     

                                       now

                The present perfect tense

Examples:

a)      he has just graduated from the law school.

b)      He has been the director of the company since 1971.

c)      They have shown good product so far.

Transformation of setences in the present perfect tense

The present perfect tense is changed into an intronegative and negative forms by replacing the auxiliary verbs “have/has” in front of the statement and by adding the negation “not” respectively in the following word order.

She work for the company for two years, (statement).

Has she work for the company for two years ( intronegative)

She has not worked for the company for two years (negative)

How long has she worked for the company ? ( question with how ).

Structure focus II: the past perfect tense

Form: had + past participle (had gone)

Usage: the past perfect tense is used to show an action which was completed before a certain event also in the past . in a sentence, the past perfect tense is generally combined with past tense, since both refer to two events in the past.

When the past perfect tense is used in the same sentence with the past tense, the orders of event  is clear from the tenses themselves, the past perfect tense action happened first, generally word such as “before” and “after” are used to show which events come first: however, when, can be, also employed to join the two events in the setences.

Observe the  time line in the diagram below:

                                      now

                       

 

had left            came went

had talked

 

        The Past Perfect Tense

Example:

1.      his attorney had already left when mr.pulnang came in.

2.      he had talked to his attorney before he went to the court.

3.      I went home after I had seen the  police inspector.

Sentence Transformation In The Past Perfect Tense

the past perfect tense is changed into in the interrogative and negative respectively by placing the auxiliary “had” in the front of the statement and adding the negation “not” to form a negative statement.

       Example:

1.      his attorney had left when mr.pulnang came.(statement).

2.      had his attorney left when mr.pulnang vame (interrogative).

3.      his attorney had not left when mr.pulnang came (negative)

4.      where had his attorney gone when mr.pulnang came (question with the “where”.

STRUCTURE FOCUS III: the past continous tense.

Form: was/were + verb ing (was/were talking)

Usage: like the past perfect tense, the past continous tense is used in combination with an event in the past, both the past continous and the past perfect tenses are seldom in alone in setences. They are generally tied to an event in the past which is stated or simply implied.

The following are examples of the three uses of the past continues tense.

Example:

1.      for action xontinuing in the past.

The defendant was talking to mr. nadeak last night.

2.      for two actions continuing at the same time in the past.

Mr. moginta was talking on the  phones while his secretary was typing the letters.

3.      for two actions in the past, one continuing while the other occurred or interrupted.

The member of the parliament were eating dinner when the attorney general talked in.

Observe how the verbs of examples 2 anf 3 appear in the diagrams below :                         

                                                Now

 

                      Were eating   

              

                                                                  walked

                                              Now

 

                     Was talking

                      

                     Was typing

Sentence transformation in the past continous tense.

The past continous tense is change into the intronegative and negative by replacing the auxiliary verbs was atau were in the front of the statement and by adding the negation not to make negation.

 Example:

ü  the defendant was talking to mr nadeak last night (statement).

ü  Was the defendant talking to mr. nadeak last night (interrogative )

ü  The defendant was not talking to mr.nadeak last night (negative)

ü  What was defendant doing last night ( question with what )

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY I

This is an exercise on the use of the basic tenses that you have learned in chapter I and chapter II of this book. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in parentheses.

Example;

He……(work) from seven to four in the afternoon

He works from seven to four in the afternoon

1.      burglary…….(be) common in the downtown area in the city.

2.      these………(be) a big jewelery store in pasar baru, Jakarta.

3.      the owner of the store……..(be) Mr. jauhari

4.      mr. jauhari………..(live)in s big house not far from the downtown area.

5.      the store……….(sell)diamonds, watches, gold/bands, rings and other women accessories.

6.      people……….(like) to go shoping there, because the prices……….(be) reasonable.

7.      yesterday evening two gunmen………..(enter) the store while mr.jauhari………..(talk) to his customers.

8.      one of the robbers………(push) a revolver into mr. jauhari’s side

9.      the old man……….(tremble) while the two robbers………..(search) for the cash box. (tremble-mengeletar)

10.  fortunately mr.jauhari……….(clock) the cash box before he put it in the drawer.

11.  while rhe two robbers……….(try) to open the box, two policeman……….(arrive)

12.  one of the customers…………..(call) the police, before the robbers………(run) away.

13.  the police……….(arrest) the robbers and………..(take) them to police headquarters.

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY II

Change the following setences to the interrogative and negative. There are short sentence, so you are expected to do the exercises with your books closed. First, read the statement from the text, then close your book and do the exercise.

Example:

He left for bandung  last night

Did he left for bandung last night

He did not left for bandung last night

1.      tax violators (pelangar) are liable (dapat dikenakan) to imprisonment (tahanan).

2.      mr. natsalam is the director general for taxion.

3.      the director general  is now reading the tax reports.

4.      last week the director general opened a training course for tax auditors.

5.      almost one hundred participants attended the course.

6.      the highest rate of the new tax system in only 35 percent,

7.      mr. danang suganda has paid taxes regularly.

8.      he is wealthy private entrepreneur

9.      he owns several supermarkets in the city

10.  he has been in the business sector for years

11.  last year he went to America to take a course in management and marketing

12.  he had talked t o many marketing experts before he went to America.

13.  when he comes home next year, he will apply (mengunakan) the new system to his busi ness.

14.  he also plans to export Indonesian products abroad

15.  then he will study some legal aspects of marketing abroad.

16.  certainly his company needs experts in international law.

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY III

Change the following setences to questions using the question words given in brackets.

Example:

He attended a seminar last week (when)

When did he attend a seminar ?

1.      Indonesia consists of over 3,000 inhabited islands. (how many )

2.      the country extends from sabang to merauke. (how far)

3.      thera are over 250 ethnic groups in the Indonesian archipelago. (how many)

4.      these ethnic groups speak 30 major languages (who)

5.      each group has s distinct culture (what)

6.      their religious beliefs are animism, Hinduism, buddjism, Christianity and islam (what)

7.      in java there is a unique bleding of all these beliefs (where)

8.      each ethnic group is different because each has its own value system (why)

9.      to almost all indonsians, respect for the elders in a common trait. (to whom)

10.  adat law in Indonesia system from the various cultural values of the ethnic groups in Indonesia. (where)

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY IV

By now you have learned enough about the use of the basic tense. By doing integrated exercises, what you have learned can hopefully ‘sink in’ the brain, do you still remember the diagrams explaining the use of the tenses? Explain each diagram in front of the class and give setences as examples for each diagram.

WRITING ACTIVITY I

a.       Pancasila is one Basic ideology Indonesia

b.      The 1945 Constitution

c.       The People’s Consultative Asembly (MPR)

d.      The Parliament (DPR)

e.       Indonesia Criminal Law

WRITING ACTIVITY II

Write five complete setences to expres five central ideas of your own in the following fields or a field of your own choice:

o   The Indonesian Legal Aid Institution

o   Indonesian Civil Law

o   The People’s Consultative Assembly (MPR)

o   The Membership Of Army In DPR

o   Reformation In Law

CHAPTER THREE

AN INTRODUCTION TO

INDONESIAN LAW

Sauri and sauki have just graduated from high school. They have not yet decided on their respective ( masing-masing) field of study. The diolague below takes place in a library in the city. Study the dialogue carefully. Observe how the basic tenses, the model auxiliaries and the passive voice are used.

Sauki : hi sauri, how are things with you ?

Sauri : fine, thanks.

Sauki : ( sees sauri books )hs, you’re reading this book ?

            An introduction to Indonesian law” are you going to study law ?

Sauri : yes, I have decided to study law, anyway reading is one of my hobbies, I’am going to return this book to the library later.

Sauki : can you brief me a little on the subject? I’am interested in law too, you know.

Sauri : well, it says that from the days of ducth colonization, inhabitans, of the Indonesian archipelago have been divided for legal pusposes into three populations group.

Sauki : what are these three population groups ?

Sauri : they’re European, natives, and foreing oriental, I know, the next thing you’ll ask’ what is the motive for this divison?

Sauki : exatly, that’s what I’am really going to ask.

Sauri : ok, the motive for this division has been questioned, however some expert stated that the ueropean group was at the top and the Indonesian at the bottom. Thus, the dominations of the rulling class could continue.

Sauki : how was the legal system is connected with these three different group of society?

Sauri : first, the dutch indiche staatsregeling’ defines who belongs to what group and there was an article in it which regulates the law in force for each group. Now, let we see here, which law was in force for which group?

Sauki : I think I know the answer to that question. The European were subject to European law, for the foreign orieantal, mostly Chinese, the European regulations were applied and civil and commercial regulations for native group were based on adat law, that is, on indegious customs and religion.

Sauri : well, you’re great, have you read this book? How come you know to much on subject?.

Sauki : I’ve made a brief study on the subject on the pluralism of Indonesian law, there is aspect of the law that interest me a great deal, you know, Chinese traders in Indonesia at that time often served as middlemen between dutch firms and the local population. These traders were subject to European regulation, even though European rules were not always suitable for Chinese customs and traditions, this doesn’t sound logical.

Sauri : yeach, that’s interesting, all right . but there was also a unique aspect of the private law for the ueropean group. The book stated that the civil law and commercial law applicable to the European group. Should be based on the private law in force the Netherlands; however, because of the special circumsrances in Indonesia, changes were made in the legal system. This resulted in the development of a ‘weastern law’ which was sometimes different from the dutch private law.

Sauki : I still don’t see how the European and the foreign orieatals were made subject to European regulations.

Sauri : well, it was possible during the colonial rule, at that time, cristian Indonesians were subject to adat law, despite the Islamic orientation of adat law.

Sauki : again as I see it, the reason ewhy Chinese traders had to obey European law was to facilitate their role as middlemen between dutch firms and the local population. You see, the middlemen were very benefical for the dutch.

Sauri : oh yes, the dutch did have many ways to streng hen themselves. The most popular one was ‘devide rule (divide et impera). The dutch helped one small kingdom in the country fight against another, but finally the dutch controlled both kingdoms.

Sauki : I would like to know more about the subject, but I  have to go now. It’s lunch time, anyway it Was nice talking to you. Can we discuss this again tomorrow?

Sauri : it’s all right with me, is nine o’clock ok with you?

Sauki : that’s fine eith me, see you tomorrow then, here at the library.

Sauri : bye-bye.

Questions leading to discussion

Read the dialogue thoroughly, then aswer the following question.

1.      during the colonial rule, why the people of  Indonesian devided into population group?

2.      how many population groups were there at the time?

3.      what was the motive for the division of the inhabitans in population groups in Indonesia by the dutch colonial government?

4.      can you described each of  the three population groups?

5.      what regulations were the Europeans subject to?

6.      which law did the native groups have to obey?

7.      which law was applied to foreign orientals?

8.      what did the Chinese traders serve as?

9.      why is it absurb that during the colonial rule Chinese had to obey European regulation?

10.  what was the law for the European group based on?

11.  why were changes sometimes made in the legal system of the European group?

12.  during the dutch colonial rule, cristian Indonesians were made subject to European law?

13.  according to the dialogue, why were the Chinese made subject to European law?

14.  how did the ducth stremgthen themselves during their colonial rule in Indonesia?

15.  can you give another examples of the ‘devide et empera’ aspect of the dutch colonial rule?

16.  what was the main weakness of Indonesian people in fighting against the dutch In the old days?

17.  who was the most famous king in Indonesian history for his efforts to unite the whole Indonesian archipelago?

18.  can you name other kings in the history of Indonesia who tried to unite the archipelago?

VOCUBLARY VOCUS

The following vocublary items are taken from the dialogue, notice that they are used in sentences in the context of law, study these sentence carefully.

Interested (adj)-attracted, tertarik.

Many students are interested in studying law because law is noble profesion.

Inhabitants (n)-settlers, penghuni.

The inhabitants of the islands wre native tribes of kapuas and singkep.

Archipelago (n)- many islands in a sea; kepulauan.

The Indonesian archipelago stretches from sabang to marauke.

Divide (v)-separate (into);split;break up;membagi

Opinions are divide on the question (issue); threre are people who are for it and there are those who are against it.

Purpose (n) – the member of the committee held a meeting for the purpose of studying the case carefully.

Population (n)- the number of people living in a place or country, penduduk.

The population of Indonesia a present is about 167 million; there is an increase of 2% every year.

Motive (n)-stimulus, reason, dorongan.

The members of the of the society did not have any motive to following the rule.

Exatly (adv)-precisely; accurately; tepatnya.

He did not know exatly what be had to do to join the debating club.

Domination (n)-control; predominance, dominasi, penguasaan,

The state ideology pancasilla tries to stop western domination of Indonesia society.

Continue (v)-go on; go farther, berlangsung.

Members of the society will continue to follow rules in order to keep law and order.

Define (v)-describe; say something about; explain; menjelaskan.

How do the expert define law? Some experts define law as the natural instinct for doing what is right.

Belong to ( v)- be a member of; termasuk.

He belongs to a law income group family as his income is only rp 50,000 a month.

In force (pharase)-be valid; hold true;berlaku.

The exit permit requiretment for foreigners is no longer in force in some coutries.

Apply (v)-use;employ; menggunakan.

Several methods were applied to promote sales of domestic goods in the Indonesian market.

Middleman (n)- any trader through whose hands goods pass between the producer and the consumer; perantara.

Circumstances (n)-condition; fact; keadaan.

Result (v)-come about, happen as natural consequence; berkesudahan..

Possible (adj)- probable; feasible; mungkin..

Strengthen (v) to make strong; fortify; establish; memperkuat.

ADDITIONAL VOCUBLARY FOCUS IN THE FIELD OF LAW

ü  inherit (v)-receive property, title,etc as heir: mewarisi.

ü  Exist (v) be; be real; have being; ada, hidup, berwujud.

ü  Administer (v) control; manage; put into operation; mengelola.

ü  Enforce (v) make effective; impose; menjalankan.

ü  Unified (adj) combined, united, formed into one; bersatu

ü  Promulgate (v) make public; announce officially; mengumunkan.

ü  Overcome (v) be too strong for; be made week; melakukan; mengatasi.

ü  Diverse (adj) varying; different; seragam

ü  Requirement (n) demand, need, syarat.

ü  Warrant (n) guarantee; assure; menajamin.

ü  Subsequent (adj( the next one; berikutnya

ü  Portion (n) part; sebagian

ü  Explicity (adv) clearly, fully experessed; dengan jelas.

VOCABULARY ACTIVITY I

In the exercise below, supply each blank with a sentence of your own using the structural from of the vocabulary item as indicated I brackets add a sentence of your own.

Example;

Describe (v) description (n)

(n) the police are recording the description of the thief.

1.      diverse (adj) diversity (n) diversified (adj)

(n) unity in diversity means bhineka tunggal ika

(adj)……………………………………………

2.      dominate (v) domination (n) dominant (adj)

(v) western ideas dominate his policy

Iadj)………………………………….

3.      require (v)  requirement (n)

(v) writing requires special skills and talent

(n)………………………………………….

4.      define (v) definition (n) definitive (adj)

(v) he defined the marriage as matrilineal, not bilateral

(n)……………………………………………………...

5.      deviation (n) deviate (v)

(v) the lawyer deviated from his original belief, now he is working only for money, not protecting the poor.

(n)…………………………………………………………………

6.      distinction (n) distinct (adj)

(adj) there are distinct behavior patterns between the javanese and the batak

(n)………………………………………………………………………..

7.      inherit (v)  inheritance (n)

(n) his inheritance a large sun of money; he can live comfortably in it alone

(v)…………………………………………………….

8.      serve (v) servant (n)

(n) he is a public servant working for the department of education.

(v)……………………………………………………….

VOCABULARY ACTIVITY II

Match each word in column A with its synonym In column B

A	B
Exact	Announce
Exist	Part
Delay	Definite
Overcome	Overpower
Define	United
Indicate	Occur/happen
Unified	Show
Resuit	Live
Portion	Postponement
promulgate	describe

VOCABULARY ACTIVITY III

Answer each of the following question briefly, repeating the word in boldface in your response

Example;

What is myopia ?

Myopia is shortsightedness.

1.      how long did he serve as chief justice at the justice department?

2.      what he did inherit from his parents when they died about ten years ago?

3.      what is population of Indonesia  at present?

4.      what is the purpose of studying law?

5.      how many provinces is indonesaia divided into?

6.      why is dodi interested studying law?

7.      how you define law?

8.      how can we strengthen our national stability?

9.      when did he seve as a middleman between the farmers and the pople?

10.  how much money did you inherit from your late uncle?

11.  to what kind of club do you belong?

12.  what was his motive for defending the accused ?

13.  exatly how many people are there in the class?

14.  what kind of regulation is applied to workers in the company?

VOCABULARY ACTIVITY IV

Cross out any word or words that do not belong to each sentence.

Example :

He wrote the letter before  after the notary public

Cross out the word after

They them do not obey the rules

Cross out the words them and note (them,note)

1.      such rules do not exist existence in the primitive long ago property.

2.      she gave an exact exactly report to the pritive presiding judge in the courtroom.

3.      his definition define of the prisoners was when very clear to the police patrolling the street.

4.      the police are regulations regulating the traffic in the business center of the city.

5.      he possessed a large amount of money and a big piece of land inherited inheritemce from his him pather.

6.      in a small vilage of west java almost everyday themselves belongs to in a vilage cooperative unit (KUD).

7.      every office has have iits own regulations regulatory which workers must follow.

8.      as a member members of the city council, he has served service the public very well.

9.      the domination dominate of materialism in the various every proffesions Is obvious especially in big city.

10.  the man can to describe describing very well the apprance of the convict.

11.  as islam and cristianity came to the country state, there were are devations from the accident faith of the couple.

12.  the army could easy easily overcome the communist uprising revolutionary.

13.  the witness’s trembling voice may result resulting from his nervousness.

STRUCTURE FOCUS I; the active and passive voice

When do you use the active voice? The active voice Is used in making a straighfoward statement about an action; that is the “doer” of the action is the subject of the sentence. In the passive voice; however, the ‘doer’ of the action is not important to the meaning of the sentence; the subject of the passive action is generally obvious to everyone. For example, “the man was prosecuted at the district court” and “the man is sentenced to a five year imprisonment” tn there two sentence is clear that the man was prosecuted by a public prosecutor and in the scond example it is also obvious that the man is sentenced to a five-year imprisonment by the authorities.

Therefore, in passive sentences, the subject of the passive action is generally omitted. The omission of the ‘doer’ or the subject of the passive sentences makes the statements impersonal in tone. This is one of the reason why the passive voice frequently occurs in textbooks, in scientific, technical or business reports, and newspaper stories. However., when it is necessary to identify the sbject, a prepositional phrase with ‘by’ is used;

Observe the use of the active and passive voice in several of the basic tenses in the following:

1.      they write down the rules on a piece of paper. (active present tense)

the rules are written down on a piece of paper. (passive)

2.      the father made the rules of conduct.(active, past tense)

the rules of conduct were made  by father (passive)

3.      they have broken the law. (active, present perfect)

the law has been broken by them. (passive)

4.      he had reported the accident to the police. (active, past tense)

the accident have been reported to the police by him. (passive)

5.      he will hire a good lawyer. (active, future tense)

a good lawyer will be hired by him. (passive)

6.      she should type the report. (active, modal auxilliary)

the report should be typed by her (passive)

7.      any member of the tribe could use the land. (active, past modal auxiliary)

the land could be used by any member the tribe. (passive)

as you may notice from the example above, the tenses in the active from to do the change when they are transformed into the passive  in setences. In the transformation of active voice to pasice voice, the cange in the form of the verb is very important. Notice the following changes in the verb forms in passive voice for the different tenses and the modal auxiliaries. In the list below, notice tah the main verb is always in the third form or the past participle of the verb.

Active voice                                        passive voice

Present tense-write                 am/is/are+past participle-is/are eriten

Past tense-wrote                     was/were +past participle-was were written

Present tense-has/have written  has/have + been + past participle – has/have 

                                                     Been written

Past perfect – had written             had + been + past participle – had been written

Present future – will write            will + be +past participle will be written

Past future – would write             would + be + past participle – would be written

Present continous – was/were/writing      am/is/are + being + past participle –  am/is/are being                                                                am/is/are being  

Past continous _was/were/writing          was/were + being + past participle – was

                                                                /were being written

Can, must, may, should, would                modal auxiliaries + be + past participle                                                                                                                                      

, might, write,etc.    

Additioanol examples of sentence in the active and passive voice iin the different tenses.

1.      A watch-dog guards the mouse.( present tense, active)

The house is guarded ( by a watch-dog). (passive)

2.      A thief stole a car from the house last night. (past,active)

A car was stole from the house last night (by a thief ). (Passive)

3.      He has also stolen jewelery from the house by him (passive)

Jewelery has also been stolen from the house (by him) passive,

4.      The man should report accident to the police. (present modal auxiliary), (active)

The accident should be reported to the police (by man), (passive)

5.      The government is going to crush to revolution. (future),(active)

The revolution is going to be crusted (by the government). (passive).

6.      He is going to kill the man. (future), (active)

The man is going to be killed (by man), (passive).

7.      The prosecutor is questioning the man .(present continoud. Active).

The man is being questioned (by the prosecution), (passive)

Sentence Transformation In The Passive Voice

Interrogative setences in the  passive voice are formed by placing the auxiliary verb into front of the sentence, following by the subject, then the paaaast participle. Negative in the passive are formed in the usual manner-that is by placing “not” after auxiliary verb. Note how to the setences in the above examples are changed to the interrogative and negative.

1.      Is house guarded by a watch dog (interrogative )

The house is not guarded by a watch-dog (negative)

2.      Was a car stolen from the house last night? (interrogative)

A car was not stolen from the house last night (negative).

3.      Has jewelry also been stolen from the house?. (interrogative).

Jewelry has not been stolen from the house (negative).

4.      Should the accident be reported to the police? (interrogative)

The accident should not be reported to the police (negative)

5.      Is the man going to be crushed? (interrogative)

The revolution is not going to be crushed (negstive)

6.      Is the man going to be killed? (interrogartive)

The man is not going to be killed (negative)

7.      Is the man being questioned? (interrogative)

The man is not being questioned.(negative)

A model passage employing the passive voice

Note that the verbs in the passive voice are in boldface.

Under the adat law, in any family structure a man has to be engaged (tunangan) before getting married. The engagement is based on an agreement between the families of the future bride and groom (pengantin pria). Thus, there are rights and duties between the couple and between their families. First, a proposal made by parents of the boy to the parents of the girl. The proposal usually made as  a request by the one family to become the in laws (besan) of the other. Traditionally, this proposal always conveyed (disampaikan) by representative-usually, someone very close to the boy’s family, but today, it is often done by the parents themselves. If the proposal accepted the result is not directly marriage, but rather priod of engagement. The engagement formally starts as of the moment a special gift from the boy’s side. In the most regional languages, the word for engagement gift’s ‘panjer’ or ‘pengancang’ ans is taken from the verb ‘to bind’ and means ‘binder’ (pengikat). Today, there is exchange of rings by the couples themselves, and the engagement begin’s from the moment of exchange. Thus, the formal binding of the families has to some extent been indicated by the families and certains neigboors, and is followed by a communal feast-‘slametan’ the slametan’ is given by the girl’s father. Thus, in part, the family aspect of the marriage is preserved (dilestarikan)

Vocubalary

o   Conveyed-disampaikan

o   Bind-ikat

o   Binder-pengikat

o   Feast-slematan

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY I

Fill the blanks with the correct tense, active or passive forms of the verbs in parentheses.

Example:

The letter …….(mall) by air yesterday.

The letter was malled by the air yesterday.

1. in 1962 B. Ter Haar………(write) a book called ‘adat law in indonesia’

2. the book………..(translate) from thr dutch.

3.   under some traditional systems in indomesia, marriages between persons   of different social classes(negative).

4. in indonesia, for years, Islamic marriages……….(unite) in the adat ceremony.

5. in the Islamic marriages, a contract ……..(sign) by the bridegroom and bride’s authorized guardian (wali),

6. formerly the contract ………(sign) at the mosque.

7. now it ………(do) either at mosque or the bride’s home.

8. the signing of the contract………(modal auxiliary-witness) at least two witness.

9. Islamic law…….(require) ‘mas kawin’ or marriage gold in marriages.

10.                     different parts of Indonesia……………(have) different marriages ceremonies.

11.                     however, there           (be) common aspect in marriages such as rhe ‘mas kawin’ and the showering (mandi) of the bride.

12.                     in many parts of Indonesia, the ‘Quran’ or holy book ……(be) the only ‘mas kawin’

13.                     only n few traditional societies, the ‘mas kawin’                 (require-negative) in marriages.

14.                     in fact, nowdays some people just ……..(get) married at the civil registration office thus, they do not need ‘mas kawin’ or showering.

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY II

Change the following setences to the interrogative and negative

Example;

       The work can be done in one hour (statatement)

        Can the work done in one hour (interrogative)

         The work cannot be done in one hour (negative)

1)      the adat law on marital property has been influence by the familly system.

2)      According to B Ter Haar’s book, properties are divided into four groups in adat law.

3)      The property was acquired by way of Inheritance (acquired-mendapatkan)

4)      Ten years ago miss nandi pinta was married to a man from toba batak ethnic group.

5)      Nandi pinta was descended (diturunkan) from the minangkabau ethnic group.

6)      The minangkabau regocnized the matrilineal system.

7)      The toba batak follow the patrilineal system in marriage.

8)      After five years of marriage pinta’s husband was killed in an accident.

9)      Nandi pinta was left without children.

10)  All her properties were returned to her husband to her husban’s kin group.

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY III

Change the following setences to question with the question words given in brackets.

Example;

    She was left her husband during the war (why)

    When was she left by her husband.

1. introduction to Indonesia law  was written by prof. Gautama in 1973 (when)

2. this particular book should be read by all law students. *by whom)

3. the marriage and divorce laws are clearly described in the book (where).

4. now the book is kept in the ‘Lembaga Dokumentasi Hukum’ in Jakarta (where).

5. it cannot be lent to people because there are not many copies. (why)

6. people are allowed to make photocopies of the book (what).

7. only few Indonesian law books are written in english because few Indonesain translations of these books are avalaible. (why).

8. some law books are translated from English (whose book).

9. keke’s book are translated from the english (what).

10.                     yesterday I borrowed keke’s book (whose book).

11.                     it must be returned on two days (when).

12.                     I must study the book fast by skimming (baca cepat). (how)

13.                     some people can read faster by taking notes. (how).

14.                     others can absorb meaning of memoriezing (how)

15.                     still others read only the topic sentence or each paragraph to understand the whole essay. (why).

16.                     meaning can be understood when we read a paragraph thoroughly and carefully. (when).

17.                     reading methods are taught by experts in many books. (by whom)

18.                     such books are written mostly in English. (what)

19.                     today many english books are translated into Indonesia by skilled translators. (by whom).

20.                     translated books are sold almost in all bookstores. 9where)

STRUCTURE ACTIVITY IV

Change the verb in each sentence below from the active to passive voice or vice versa.

Example;

She left him for another young man.

He was left by her for another young man.

1.      the colonial rules divided the inhabitanrs of the Indonesian archipelago into the population groups.

2.      onther group distinctions were also made by the dutch.

3.      the exact motive for this division has been questioned by many historians.

4.      during the dutch colonial rule, Christian Indonesians were always grouped with the indigenous population by the legal authorities.

5.      ondonesian sholars know the private law of the nederlands as the principle of ‘concordansi’.

6.      sholars described the principle of ‘concordansi’

7.      in 1948 the dutch civil and commercial codes were promulgated for Indonesia.

8.      native groups should obey the adat law.

9.      however, the law-makers were also authorized to deviate from this principle.

10.  sometimes deviation from the principle of the adat law was required by the native population..

11.  dutch authorities also applied the existing western law because of the special needs of the native population.

12.  some codes for the native group applied also to foreign orientals.