INTRODUCTION TO LAW
( to teacher
or lecturer: the subject matter of the dialogue below and the reading passages
in the following chapters are taken from textbooks written by cominent lawyers;
however, I had made alterations particularly with regard to linguistic elements
such as sturucture and vocublary in order to suit the level of learning
students. Although I have made these changes, nevertheless, I have always tried
to retain the technical validity of the subject matter, in chapter one and chapter
three. I have also changed the reading selection to the form of a discourse in
order to simplify the English language and to increase comprehensions on the
part of the learners. Furthermore, I have supplied the reading passages and the
various exersice thoughout thid book with the Indonesian equivalents of some
English words that are considered diffucult for students, however, the grammar
translation method of teaching English to Indonesian learners is not
recommended, in fact, it is a methodology which has long been discarded by linguists).
(two
students, dang and ninin are discussing their studies during lunch break on
campus).
Dang : hi, glad to see you. Threre something I’d like to ask you.
Ninin : what about?
dang : hm, about law. What does the course consist of?
Ninin : for the beginners like us, the course consist of among other
things, introduction to law, pancasilla, the idieology of the state, etc.
Dang : well, let me put my question in simple terms. How do you start
if you want so study law… I mean starting with the very simple in life?
Ninin : hm, very good question, well., you see those police patrolling
the streers, they are repsentative of the law. They’re concerned with the
normal rules of traffic safety, they regulate both vehicles and pedestarians,
without those rules and police, dangerous situations can occur.
Dang : the beginning sound simple enough.
Ninin : yeah, things like that often happen if we didn’t have traffic
regulation?
Dang : certainly, we need rules and regulation almost everywhere, even
right hhere on campus.
Ninin : right. In one way or another, we must follow rules.
Dang ; Let me tell story, last week I bought some canned food, the
cans looked all right but the food was bad.
Ninin ; yeach, things like that often happen, that’s way we have
institute for the control of food sand drugs. Thid institute protects consumers
from dishonest businessmen.
Dang : somebody should give them a fair punistment .
Ninin : of course, the law will punist them, but still there are
always such abuses: one person will cheat another: one man will steal another’s
valuable possessions; one institution will deceive another. There are numerous
uncertainties in life.
Dang : but there are also many ways to solve these problems.
Ninin : indeed, nowdays, because thieving prowlers are common, many
household keep at least one dog around to sound alarm, some others install
electric buglary alarms at the door of their houses, well you know much of the
uncertainty has changed for the better as time has passed. Some of this is due
to scientific progress, but not all.
Dang : what is responsible for change then?
The law is responsible for most of the change, it has provided police
protection for nearly everybody, even in smallest communities like the RW’s and
the RT’s., that is way you can go to bed at night without having worry about
danger, why you can drive along a country road without fear that a gunman will
stop you. You see, the law has improved in many other to protective ways to
defend you, and much of this improvement has occurred within the lifetimes of
people still living.
Dang : I agree with you the improvement, all right, but don’t you
know that bribery of public officials is
still common.
Ninin : you’re right, an unscrupulous man with great power and wealth can do almost anything he
wants to because the law. For some reason can’t stop him.
Dang : in fact the law can do a great deal.
Ninin : oh yes, fortunately there are now institutions that can
protect people from the above mentioned practice, there are thousands people of
young men and women who see the need for studying law and the many
opportunities that lie ahead for the man with legal training not only for
helping themselves, but for improving the conditions of others as well,
bypassing of laws to limit the powers of mighty.
Dang : I believe the protection of mankind in the country should be
increased in.
Ninin : certainly, there are many other laws to protect the honest
person and the honest business against those who would be dishonest. All do the most good for
the most people, have been established
through the efforts of men and women who practice law, this is one of the
reasons why law is noble proffesion.
Dang : hm, law is a noble profession, I’am glad decided to study law.
Nining : well, I’am glad for you too, it’s been nice to talking to
you, but I have to go now,see you.
Compperehension activity
Read the diaologue thoroughly (dengan seksama), do the following
exercise by writing R for a statement
which is correct to the discourse, W for a statement and NC for any statement
which is not stated in the diologue
1.
the police is repsentatives of the
law.
2.
dang and nining are member of
family.
3.
they went to same high school in Jakarta
4.
without traffic regulations,
accidents will not occur
5.
people have to obey certain rules
and regulations
6.
the lembaga ‘konsumen’ will
protect people against gunmen
7.
dang was unhappy because the can
was good but the food was bad
8.
people keep dogs in their houses
because there are thieves around
9.
the electric burglary alarms are a
scientific progress
10.
the has provided police protection
only for some pople
11.
there are many thieving
prowlers due to scitiefic progress
12.
there has been no improvement in
the system of law
13.
people with legal training have no
opportunities at all
14.
law is noble profesion because
lawyers study law
15.
law is noble profesion because it
protects people from the dishonest person and dishonest business.
16.
materialism has dominated the law
profession.
VOCUBLARY FOCUS
The vocublary
items below are taken from the previous discourse, study these setences
carefully
Consist of (v)-comprise, make up of: terdiri dari
Members of
the board of trustees (dewan pengawas) have
been working very effectively because the board consist of very
experienced senior workers
Repsentative (n)-person elected or appointed to represent or act for
others; wakil
Those men are
repsentatives of the pople in the house of repsentatives.
Concerned (participle)-interested; memperhatikan
Repsentatives
of the law are concerned about order in society.
Safety (n)-security; protection; keselamatan
The police
are patrolling the streets at night for the safety of the people.
Regulate (v)-direct; arrange; order; mengatur.
The police
are regulating traffic at the busy cross
roads.
Pedestarians (n)-people who walk on the street; pejalan kaki.
The police
arrested the pedestarians because they broke traffic rules.
Occur (v)-happen, take place; terjadi
The accident
occurred at a crowded corner downtown.
Protect (v)-defend; guard; melindingi
Members of
security guard are protecting the rich
man from attacks by bandits
Dishonest (v)-not honest, wrong, insincere; tidak jujur
He is a
dishonest person; he likes to tell lies even under oth
Punishment (n)-rough treatment; penalty; hukuman.
The man got a
fair punishment for the crime he had done; he had to clean prison yard every
morning.
Fair (adj)-just; reasonable; adil
It was fair
trial; the presiding judge sentenced him to two months in prison
Abuse (n)-wrong use; penyalahgunaan
Bribery is
common in offices because of the abuse of power.
Cheat (v)-deceive; trick; betray; menipu
The store
owner cheated his customers by selling low quality products at a high price.
Valuable (adj)-precious, costly; berharga
The old man
geve me very valuble advice-work hard and be creative and you will succeed.
Possession (n)-belongging; property; harta benda.
The attorney
general confiscated his valuable possessions which included a hundred bars of
pure gold, diamonds, luxurious, etc.
Deceive (v)-cheat, trick, betray, menipu
He deceived
the lady by giving evidence against her at the trial after he had promised not
to do so.
Uncertainty (n)- irregularity; doubt; ketidakpastian
There was
much uncertainty about the outcome of the controversial murder trial.
Prowlers (n)-people who steal; pencuri
You must lock
your doors and windows because prowlers are going about in the neighborhood.
Household (n)-family; keluarga
Each
household sent a delegation to the city council to seek justice in the land
dispute.
Due to (adj)-caused by; owing to; kerena; disebapkan.
The fire in
the factory was due to the carelessness of the workers.
Burglary (n)-crime of breaking into a house to steal; pencurian
There have
been several burglary in our town in the last few month.
Alarm (n)-sound or signal giving a warning of danger; tanda bahaya.
The police
shot into the air to give an alarm to the convicts.
Responsible (adj)-accountable; yang berhak; bertanggung jawab.
The police
are responsible for safety of the people.
Provide (v)-supply; offer; give; membekali; memberi
The man
cannot provide an adequate explaination for his action to the public
prosecutor.
Defend (v)-protect; justify; membela
The lawyer
can easly defend mr.selasih at the district court; mr. selasih is innocent.
Improvement (n)-advancement; perbaikan.
There has
been improvement in the economy of the people in the villages since their rice
harvests are good.
Bribery (n)-the act of giving something to somebody in order to
influence him or her; penyuapan, penyogokan.
Bribery
of public official is never tolaranted
in any society.
Unscrupulous (adj) not guided by conscience; tak bermoral
He is an
unscrupulous person; he once ran away with the money of the poor.
Opportunity (n)- chance; kesempatan
He has
opportunity to enter law as his profesion, but he does not have the will power
(kemauwan keras).
Establish (v) found; build; construct; mendirikan.
They have
been estahlished an institution to protect the weak from the exploitation of
the strong.
Decide (v)-make up one’s mind; determine; menetapkan.
The former
thief has decided to lead a good life by working as a farmer in the
transmigration area.
Vocublary activity II
o attorney general-jaksa agung
o chief of justice-hakim agung
o supreme court-mahkamah agung
o attorney general office-kejaksaan agung
o prosecutor-jaksa penuntut
o judge-jaksa
o city council-DPRD kota
madya
o councilor-penasehat hokum, dprd
o distric court-pengadilan daerah
o prevent-mencegah
o hijack-membajak
o confiscate-menyita
o worthless-tidak berharga
o remedy-obat
o unwary-tidak hati-hati
vocublary activity II
fill in each blank in following
exercise with the word or correct form of the word given in the list below.
Repsentative unscrupulous pedestarian
Opportunity punishment household
Responsible protect prevent
District court burglary remedies
a. the police are trying to the weak from the
exploitation of the strong.
b. Who is our ………….at present
c. I have the …………to succed
in my career if I work hard
d. Since he is an …………..man, he receive bribes from anybody
e. They……………the thief from entering the house by locking the doors
and windows
f. The villagers use herbs as …………against such diseases as fever
and the common cold
g. Those man are ……….the people in parliament; they make laws for
country
h. The landowners brought their case to the ……..some middlemen had
cheated them in the sale of their land
i.
The boy did not receive
any……………for the mistakes he had made
j.
……….are common in the area since
the people like to keep a lot of money and valuble possessions at home
k. The man walking along the street is a……………..
l.
There is much ………..in the library,
the school has provided more new books, journals, magazine, etc
m. There are four member of the ………………, they are the pather,
mother, and the two children.
n. Father and mother are……………. For the well being of the family
o. Many pople say that he became the director of the company
because of……..
VOCABULARY ACTIVITY IV
Give a short responses to
general questions below and include the words in boldface in your answers.
Example:
Where he did go ?
He went to school.
1.
what are you responsible for?
2.
what is pedestarian?
3.
what is your most valuble
possession?
4.
name one garment industry in your
area
5.
how can you prevent burglaries?
6.
how many people are there in your
household?
7.
why did the government confiscate
your property?
8.
where did the accident occur?
9.
who is regulating the traffic?
10. do you live In a comfortable home?
11. how many members does the baskerball team consist of ?
12. what letters does thhe word “gone” consist of?
STURUCTURE FOCUS I; VERB “TO BE
“ IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND PAST TENSE.
What are the three patterns for
the use verb “to be” or lingking verbs, in the simple present tense and past
tense.
Subject + to be + predicate noun
Subject + to be + predicate
adjective
Subject + to be + predicate
adverb
I
|
subject
|
To be
|
Predicate noun
|
Mr. kismo ningprojo
|
is
|
An attorney general
|
Mr. ningprojo and
his family
|
are
|
indonesian
|
His wife
|
is
|
A public prescutor
|
II
|
subject
|
To be
|
Predicate adjective
|
The attorney
general
|
is
|
Short and fat
|
He
|
Is
|
inteligent
|
The judges
|
are
|
Tired
|
III
|
subject
|
To be
|
Predicate adverb
|
The chief justice
|
Is
|
From central jave
|
His children
|
Are
|
At the university
|
wife
|
is
|
At home
|
‘to be’ is also used with the
expletive there as substitute subject , note that in a sentence with expletive
there, the verb agrees eith the actual subject that follows it.
EXPLETIVE TO BE SUBJECT
There are student
in the class
There is a lawyer on the board of trustees
There are
two members of the city council today.
For the past tense of the verb
“to be” am and is are changed to was and are is changed to were, depending on
the subject of the sentence. Observing the following examples.
a.
Singular subject – the attoeney
general was very sick last year
b.
Plural subject _ the lawyers were
from the regional government.
Sentence Transformtion
Sentence
transformation in the English language is very important because when two
people taken part in the dialogue, they not only use sentence in the form
statements, but they also ask question and make negative statements, and
because the word order of a statement Is different from the word order of an
intronegative or negative setemce, mastery of transformation of sentences is
changed into a question by placing a form of the verd ‘to be’ in front of the
statement.A negative statement Is formed by adding the negation ‘not’ to the
sentence.
Examples:
I.
Mr. kismo ningprojo is an attorney
general. (statement)
Is mr. kismo ningprojo is an
attorney general (interrogative)
Mr. kismo ningprojo is not an
attoeney general (negative)
What is mr. kismo ningprojo ?
(question with word “what”)
II.
There are two lawyers on the board
of trustees (statement )
Are there two lawyers on the
board of trustees?(onterronagative)
There are not two lawyers on the
board of trustees.(negative)
How many lawyers are there on the
board of trustees? (question with how )
STRUCTURE ACTIVITY I
Fill the
blanks with the correct forms of the verb ‘to be’
Example:
Tole………a
councilman
Tole is a
councilman
1. Mr. Suryo ningprojo………………fifty years old
2. he…………a member of the board trustees of PT. sering gersang.
3. there……….altogether 20
members on the board of trustees of the enterprise.
4. PT sering gersang ………..a private enterprise exporting handcrafts
to foreign countries.
5. Indonesia
handcrafts………..popular abroad.
6. the lawyers on the board trustees…….responsible for the legal
aspects of building the firm.
7. thr two lawyers…………mr.panding madewa and mr. tejaksumana
8. mr. madewa………….from bali, and Mr.tejaksukmana……..from west java.
9. five years ago.they……….with the ministry of justice of the republic
Indonesia.
WRITING ACTIVITY II
Make a simple setences of your
own based on the concepts of any branch of law that you are familiar with. Then
underlined the subject word and verb In each of your setences.
Example:
In the old days, people passed
the laws by word of mouth
Subject – people verb - passed
CHAPTER TWO
THE BEGINNING OF LAW
As far as we
know, the law began with family. The father was the head of family, and he
orders the gave, the rule of conduct made by him, were the law.
As families
expanded and the members went out on their own, the family group became know as
clan, subject ti the rule of the man who was selected to head it. Eventually
(akhirya), clan in the same area joined forces and became members of the tribe.
They choose a chief to head this larger group.
The chief of
the tribe made rules or laws to govern the dealing one of the clan with
another, but the head of clan still made the laws for the family group. If a
tribal law was broken, the chief decide the guilt or innoncence of the person
accused and fixed the punishment. The head of clan judged and determined the
punishment for those who broke the rules within his family group.
Those clan
and tribal laws were not written down for countless century , we don’t know how
many but they were handed down
(diteruskan) by word of mouth from one generation to another. Some of them are
actually still in force today, for example, a man who was a member of one clan
shoul not marry a women from the same clan; he had to choose his bride from
another clan of the same tribe.
In ancient
time, there were few property rights. It was considered (diangap) that god
owned all the land and that members of any tribes who settled on the land could
use it. Farming, hunting and fishing were the main ways of making a living
then, and the tribes moved around a great deal. After the tract of the land had
been worked for …….generation \, the tribe went on to look for richer oil and
settled somewhere else, war of the subjugration were avoided, whenever fossible
.
When a tribe
moved , the law on the old land became or new laws were made only as wanderes
found new custom in the new area or as the traits of the people changed. Still,
the laws were handed down by word of mouth and not written down because people
had not yet invited writing, even on stone tablets.
In Indonesia
the laws of the land date back to the dutch colonial rule. It was the the dutch
who introduced Europe laws to the country, then known as the Netherlands east indies. Sas early
as 1824, there was a concept of separate law made by the dutch government. The
populations was then devided into there group as far as laws were concern,
namely:europans, native, and foreign oriental. Netherlanders living in the
indies were subject to the laws for ueropans;
the indigeus inhabitans were the subject to the laws for the native,
whereas the foreign Asians were not subject to either of the above. They were
subject to a separate ordinance.
During the
colonial rule, the laws for the natives were primarly the adat laws. Snouck
hurgronye, the dutch Indonesians Arabic scholar and statesman of the nineteeth
century, first point out that, since customary practices among most of the
people of the archiphilago were dominated by the Arabic adat, or custom, adat
also had legal connotations-so adat became adatrecht in duct hot adat law in
English.
Many
historican stated that the traits or the customs of the pople were the basis of
adat law. Though deeply rooted in traditional culture, adat is embodiment of
traditional values and morals well as an expression of universal villages.
Today adat law still regulates such aspects of life as marriage, death,
inheritance and divorce.
When speaking
of the origin laws in Indonesia,
one must go back to the priode when the Indonesia archipelago was under the
colonial rule. The dutch brought with them them Europe
system of government and other aspects of
life, and europan law was one of them. As has been priously mentioned
there were separate laws in country unfer the colonial government in
1826.different groups of people were subject to
different laws. However, by 1848, there was a start towards codification
of the law for the population along
Europeans line by enacting a police and prosedur kode for natives and foreing of orienthals of java
and madura in 1872, thus , even beginning from the dutch colonial rule , the
nature of law to be applied to each group of the different groups of people
living in the country was one of the most difficult policis problems in
netgerlands east indies.
Another
factor which is of great significance in the study of the origin of the law in Indonesia
is the existence of the different ethic, group,in the country. The various
ethic group have different cultural background, values and customs with regard
to many aspects of communal life. For instance, concerning marriage, the
minangkabau follow the matrilineal system in the batak clan system, member of
the clan should assist one another in marriage ceremonies, and a certain type
of heirachy in the marriage ceremonies, and a certain of type hierarchy in the marriage organization,
such as who should be the speaker, is decided by custom the billeteral system
is common to the most of the regions of Indonesia, including java, madura, east
Sumatra, riau, aceh, etc.
Condensed from:
1. the lawyer, by luis kutner
2. adat law in Indonesia, by
gautama sudarga
3. Indonesia, 1998 edititon
Comprehension
activity
Read the
selection thoroughly. Do the following exercise by writing R for a statement
which is correct according the passage, W for incorrect and NC for any
statement which is not include in the reading selection.
Example:
The chapter two is the beginning of law. R
1. the father is the head of the family, but he also makes rules of
members of society…….
2. the chief is the head of the tribe…..
3. if the member of the tribe broke the law, the chief did not
punish him…….
4. some tribal laws are still in force today……
5. the tribal laws handed down from one generation to another on
stone tablets………
6. in anciet time, there were property rights because people
believed that god owned the land……..
7. the ducth introduced europan laws to the Indonesian
archipelago,……
8. in ancient time, the tribes moved only from one area to another and
settled on the new land permanently……
9. during the colonial rule, there was a concept of separate law
introduced by the foreign orientals…….
10.
during the dutch colonial rule,
the laws for the natives were the adapt laws
11.
the source of adat laws was habits
and the customs of the people of Indonesia………
12.
at present, the adat laws only
regulate marrieage and divorce in Indonesia.
13.
adat law is an expesions of universal value…
14.
nowdays the adat laws are no
longer in force….
15.
the different group of the people
in indonesia
during the dutch colonial rule were subject only to ueropean laws……..
16.
at the present, European laws do
not exist in Indonesia.
QUESTIONS LEADING TO DISCUSSION
1.
how did the law began?
2.
what was a clan ? A tribe?
3.
who made rule or laws within the
clans?
4.
who decided funishment for the
quilty in the tribal society?
5.
how were the clan and the tribal
laws handed down?
6.
can you name some clan or tribal
laws that are in force today? In force=berlaku.
7.
do you know of any marriage law
that is handed down by word of mouth?
8.
in the ancient time, those
property was land considered to be?
9.
what were the main ways of making
a living in the old days?
10. why were laws handed down by word of mouth?
11. who intoroduced law to our country?
12. how many groups was the population of the Indonesian archipelago
devided into that time?
13. what was law each of these groups subject to ?
14. during the colonial rule, used are always
15. name some adat laws that still regulate marriage,birth, death,
divorce, and inheritance?
16. do you think the dutch law are used today are always approite
for the condition existing now? Can you name some dutch laws today which should
be changed to fit present situation ?
17. paragraph IX state that adat is an embodiment of traditional values and morals. For example
the breaking of Javanese marriage ceremony by the bridegroom and the cleaning
of his feet by the bride is a symbol of a women submission to man. Can you name
other adat ceremonies that have such traditional values?
18. paragraph Xi states that the different ethic groups have
distinct culture, and as you know, the traditional culture is the root of adat
law. What is the most striking ( menyolok) adat law in your enthic group which
comes from the traditional culture?
Vocublary Focus
The vocublary items
in this chapter are treated as the vocublary items in chapter one, Indonesia
equivalent are given; however the translation method is never recommended,
study these setences.
Orders (n)-direction; rules; commands;
perintah
The maneger of the firm gave orders to his subordinates; no employess
should come to late.
Conduct (n)-manner, behaviour, prilaku,
tingkah laku.
Speaking in law, soft voice is a good conduct in a javenese society.
Be subject to (v)-obident to; tunduk
kepada
The people of jakarta are subject to laws of the special
district of Jakarta
Select (v)-choose, pick out, memilih.
The manager
of the firm selected a brilliant economist to head the accounting department.
Govern(v)-rule. Give direction, memerintah, mengatur.
There are certain rules in the office that govern the workers’
behavior while at work.
Innocence (n)- freedom from guilt;
guiltlessness; keadaan tidak bersalah.
The brilliant
lawyer proved the man’s innocence in front of the member of the
juri.(prove-membuktikan)
Accuse (v)-say that somebody has done
something wrong, menuduh
The police
accused him of stealing money from the bank.
By word of mouth (phare)-oral; not
written; lisan.
The legend of
roro jongrang was handed down to the children by word of mouth.
In force (phrase)-In power, berlaku
The old
regulation in office is not in force, so many workers come late.
Ancient (adj) old. Belonging to times
long past, kuno, purbakala.
Ancient people
lived by the laws of nature, the strong lived and the weak died.
Subjugation (n)-conquest; penaklukan,
penundukan.
Gajah mada is
an Indonesian historical figure, he fought many wars of subjugation to unite
the country, (unite-menyatukan)
Trait (n) quality, charasterictic;
cirri, sifat.
Two traits of
the Indonesian character are friendliness and a refined manner, (efined-luwes)
Invent (v)- discover, menemukan
People who
invent new products or processes should register them with the department of
patents.
Indigenous (adj)-native, pribumi
Temu lawak is
an indigenous rhizome plant of Indonesia.
(rhizome plant-umbi-umbian).
Primarily (adj)- origanily, mainly,
utama, pokok.
Most of the
Javanese lengends such as the Ramayana and mahabrata are primarily from hindu
culture.
Archipelago (n)-group of many island;
nusantara.
Indonesian
archipelago consist of more than three thousand islands. ( consist. Terdiri
dari).
Dominate (v) have influence over,
mempengaruhi, mengusai.
The strong
dominate the weak.
Consequence (n)- result, outcome,
akibat.
People are
buying more things and in consequence prices are increasing, (increase-naik).
Root(v) implanted, instilled; berakar.
Pancasila the
state ideology, is deeply root in indonesaian society.
Embodiment (n)-giving form or body to
(spirit); wujud
Balinese
traditional ceremonies are an embodiment of religeus and esthetic value.
(value-nilai).
Origin (n)- beginning, asal
Bahasa melayu
is the origin of the Indonesian language; it has spread from Sumatra to all
parts of Indonesia.
Previously (adv)-earlier in order or
time; sebelumnya
The speaker is
now talking on the subject of tort; previously, he talked about ordinances.
Codification (n)-colecction of laws
arranged in a system; penyusunan undang-undang.
There is a
system of codification of organizational rules which employees have to follow.
Enact (v)-make by (law);decree,
menjadikan undang-undang, mengesahkan.
A law has been
enacted requiring every Indonesian citizen to have an identification card
(KTP).
Apply (v)- use;employ; menggunkan
The
organizationan applies the same rules to its officials as it does to its members.
Significance (n)- Importance; deep;
meaning; makna,dampak
There is great
significance in asking the man about his background.
Various (adj)-of different kind;
diverse; berbagai macam
Various people
are working at the institution; some are economist, others lawyers. Stiil other
are simple house wives.
With regard to (adj)-concerning,
pertaining to; sehubungan dengan, berkaitan dengan.
The members of
jury are discussing about the client with regard to his educational background.
Assist (v)-help;aid; membantu
The security
guard assisted the old man in finding his lost properties.
Hierarchy (n)-arrangement of autority
from lowest to highest; jenjang kekuasaan
According to
the hierarchy of the enterprise, mr lobo is the third man in the organization.
Vocublary
accctivity I
Study the following term
Statutory law – hukum menurut
undang-undang
Tort – kasalahan, kerugian
Ordinance – peraturan
Local ordinance – peraturan local
Enactment – UU, pengumuman atau
pembuatan
Codification _ penyusunan undang-undang
Code – sandi
Vocublary
accctivity II
Fill in each blank in the following exercise
with the word or the correct form of the word given in the list below.
Trait = ciri
assist = membantu
indigenous = pribumi
Root =
berakar selected =memilih
Hierarchy =
susunan subject to = tunduk
kepada
Tort =
kesalahan enactment = menetapkan
1.
mr.dadang lobo read of the regulations in office to
all his employees.
2.
the man did something legally wrong;
he brought the to court to
make up his wromgful act.
3.
the teacher the best student to lead the
discussion in the front of the class.
4.
the komodo is an animal of Indonesia. It lives on the island
of komodo near the flores.
5.
the client has deep religious his late farher was a religious
teacher in the village.
6.
the student who fail the test
are a certain regulation.
They will take make-up test.
7.
in the business organization, he
is the man at the top of the
8.
at the law firm several men the director of the institution.
9.
according to the local the man has commited a serious
crime.
Vocublary
activity III
The following is an integrated exercise. From the context, you can
fill the blanks with words given in the list below. Observe in the text,
English and Indonesian equivalents given for some words.
Subject to
selected
conduct
Orders
expands assist
Hierarchy
apply
invent
By word of mouth
1.
according to the………….of the
institution Mr.abdullah enteng is the man at the top. The five man who …………him
are the deputies (wakil). These deputies help mr.abdullah enteng give………to
employees at lower levels. The deputies give instruction …………..and sometimes
they write down rules for come to work on time. Everyone is ….(5)……this
particular rule. There are no exeptions, as the institution …(6)..the number employees
also increase. Again mr,Abdullah enteng has to make rules of ……(7)….for the
different personel. These rules are, among other workers may not smoke in an
air-conditioned room; they may not fall sleep while on duty, etc. mr.abdullah
enteng did not these institution
….(9)….the same rules for their employees. However, mr. enteng did not just use
every rule that is good for other offices. He……(10)….the ones that best fit his
workers.
Structure
focus I: the present perfect tense
Form:
have/has + past participle of verb (have/has gone)
Usage: the
present perfect tense has two use. Other thing:
1)
for a completed action at an
idifinite time in the past. The time markers usually used are: just. Already,
yet. Not yet. Etc.
2)
for an activity or a state that
has continued for a period of time, from the point in the past until the
present, the past to present period indicated by since 1982, for years, so far,
up to now, in all her life, until now, etc.
the diagram
will look like this.
now
The present perfect tense
Examples:
a)
he has just graduated from the law
school.
b)
He has been the director of the
company since 1971.
c)
They have shown good product so
far.
Transformation
of setences in the present perfect tense
The present perfect tense is changed into an intronegative and negative
forms by replacing the auxiliary verbs “have/has” in front of the statement and
by adding the negation “not” respectively in the following word order.
She work for the company for two years, (statement).
Has she work for the company for two years ( intronegative)
She has not worked for the company for two years (negative)
How long has she worked for the company ? ( question with how ).
Structure focus
II: the past perfect tense
Form: had +
past participle (had gone)
Usage: the
past perfect tense is used to show an action which was completed before a
certain event also in the past . in a sentence, the past perfect tense is
generally combined with past tense, since both refer to two events in the past.
When the past
perfect tense is used in the same sentence with the past tense, the orders of event
is clear from the tenses themselves, the
past perfect tense action happened first, generally word such as “before” and
“after” are used to show which events come first: however, when, can be, also
employed to join the two events in the setences.
Observe
the time line in the diagram below:
now
had left came went
had talked
The Past Perfect Tense
Example:
1.
his attorney had already left when
mr.pulnang came in.
2.
he had talked to his attorney
before he went to the court.
3.
I went home after I had seen
the police inspector.
Sentence Transformation In The Past Perfect
Tense
the past
perfect tense is changed into in the interrogative and negative respectively by
placing the auxiliary “had” in the front of the statement and adding the
negation “not” to form a negative statement.
Example:
1.
his attorney had left when
mr.pulnang came.(statement).
2.
had his attorney left when
mr.pulnang vame (interrogative).
3.
his attorney had not left when
mr.pulnang came (negative)
4.
where had his attorney gone when
mr.pulnang came (question with the “where”.
STRUCTURE
FOCUS III: the past continous tense.
Form:
was/were + verb ing (was/were talking)
Usage: like
the past perfect tense, the past continous tense is used in combination with an
event in the past, both the past continous and the past perfect tenses are
seldom in alone in setences. They are generally tied to an event in the past
which is stated or simply implied.
The following
are examples of the three uses of the past continues tense.
Example:
1.
for action xontinuing in the past.
The defendant
was talking to mr. nadeak last night.
2.
for two actions continuing at the
same time in the past.
Mr. moginta
was talking on the phones while his
secretary was typing the letters.
3.
for two actions in the past, one
continuing while the other occurred or interrupted.
The member of
the parliament were eating dinner when the attorney general talked in.
Observe how
the verbs of examples 2 anf 3 appear in the diagrams below :
Now
Were eating
walked
Now
Was talking
Was typing
Sentence
transformation in the past continous tense.
The past continous tense is change into the intronegative and negative
by replacing the auxiliary verbs was atau were in the front of the statement
and by adding the negation not to make negation.
Example:
ü
the defendant was talking
to mr nadeak last night (statement).
ü
Was the defendant talking
to mr. nadeak last night (interrogative )
ü
The defendant was not
talking to mr.nadeak last night (negative)
ü
What was defendant doing
last night ( question with what )
STRUCTURE
ACTIVITY I
This is an
exercise on the use of the basic tenses that you have learned in chapter I and
chapter II of this book. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs
in parentheses.
Example;
He……(work)
from seven to four in the afternoon
He works from
seven to four in the afternoon
1.
burglary…….(be) common in the
downtown area in the city.
2.
these………(be) a big jewelery store
in pasar baru, Jakarta.
3.
the owner of the store……..(be) Mr.
jauhari
4.
mr. jauhari………..(live)in s big
house not far from the downtown area.
5.
the store……….(sell)diamonds,
watches, gold/bands, rings and other women accessories.
6.
people……….(like) to go shoping
there, because the prices……….(be) reasonable.
7.
yesterday evening two
gunmen………..(enter) the store while mr.jauhari………..(talk) to his customers.
8.
one of the robbers………(push) a
revolver into mr. jauhari’s side
9.
the old man……….(tremble) while the
two robbers………..(search) for the cash box. (tremble-mengeletar)
10. fortunately mr.jauhari……….(clock) the cash box before he put it
in the drawer.
11. while rhe two robbers……….(try) to open the box, two
policeman……….(arrive)
12. one of the customers…………..(call) the police, before the
robbers………(run) away.
13. the police……….(arrest) the robbers and………..(take) them to police
headquarters.
STRUCTURE
ACTIVITY II
Change the
following setences to the interrogative and negative. There are short sentence,
so you are expected to do the exercises with your books closed. First, read the
statement from the text, then close your book and do the exercise.
Example:
He left for bandung last night
Did he left for
bandung last
night
He did not left
for bandung
last night
1.
tax violators (pelangar) are
liable (dapat dikenakan) to imprisonment (tahanan).
2.
mr. natsalam is the director
general for taxion.
3.
the director general is now reading the tax reports.
4.
last week the director general
opened a training course for tax auditors.
5.
almost one hundred participants
attended the course.
6.
the highest rate of the new tax
system in only 35 percent,
7.
mr. danang suganda has paid taxes
regularly.
8.
he is wealthy private entrepreneur
9.
he owns several supermarkets in
the city
10. he has been in the business sector for years
11. last year he went to America to take a course in
management and marketing
12. he had talked t o many marketing experts before he went to America.
13. when he comes home next year, he will apply (mengunakan) the new
system to his busi ness.
14. he also plans to export Indonesian products abroad
15. then he will study some legal aspects of marketing abroad.
16. certainly his company needs experts in international law.
STRUCTURE
ACTIVITY III
Change the
following setences to questions using the question words given in brackets.
Example:
He attended a
seminar last week (when)
When did he
attend a seminar ?
1.
Indonesia consists of over 3,000
inhabited islands. (how many )
2.
the country extends from sabang to
merauke. (how far)
3.
thera are over 250 ethnic groups
in the Indonesian archipelago. (how many)
4.
these ethnic groups speak 30 major
languages (who)
5.
each group has s distinct culture (what)
6.
their religious beliefs are
animism, Hinduism, buddjism, Christianity and islam (what)
7.
in java there is a unique bleding
of all these beliefs (where)
8.
each ethnic group is different
because each has its own value system (why)
9.
to almost all indonsians, respect
for the elders in a common trait. (to whom)
10. adat law in Indonesia
system from the various cultural values of the ethnic groups in Indonesia.
(where)
STRUCTURE
ACTIVITY IV
By now you
have learned enough about the use of the basic tense. By doing integrated
exercises, what you have learned can hopefully ‘sink in’ the brain, do you
still remember the diagrams explaining the use of the tenses? Explain each
diagram in front of the class and give setences as examples for each diagram.
WRITING
ACTIVITY I
a.
Pancasila is one Basic ideology Indonesia
b.
The 1945 Constitution
c.
The People’s Consultative Asembly
(MPR)
d.
The Parliament (DPR)
e.
Indonesia Criminal Law
WRITING
ACTIVITY II
Write five
complete setences to expres five central ideas of your own in the following
fields or a field of your own choice:
o
The Indonesian Legal Aid
Institution
o
Indonesian Civil Law
o
The People’s Consultative
Assembly (MPR)
o
The Membership Of Army In
DPR
o
Reformation In Law
CHAPTER THREE
AN INTRODUCTION TO
INDONESIAN LAW
Sauri and
sauki have just graduated from high school. They have not yet decided on their
respective ( masing-masing) field of study. The diolague below takes place in a
library in the city. Study the dialogue carefully. Observe how the basic
tenses, the model auxiliaries and the passive voice are used.
Sauki : hi
sauri, how are things with you ?
Sauri : fine,
thanks.
Sauki : (
sees sauri books )hs, you’re reading this book ?
An introduction to Indonesian law”
are you going to study law ?
Sauri : yes,
I have decided to study law, anyway reading is one of my hobbies, I’am going to
return this book to the library later.
Sauki : can
you brief me a little on the subject? I’am interested in law too, you know.
Sauri : well,
it says that from the days of ducth colonization, inhabitans, of the Indonesian
archipelago have been divided for legal pusposes into three populations group.
Sauki : what
are these three population groups ?
Sauri :
they’re European, natives, and foreing oriental, I know, the next thing you’ll
ask’ what is the motive for this divison?
Sauki :
exatly, that’s what I’am really going to ask.
Sauri : ok,
the motive for this division has been questioned, however some expert stated
that the ueropean group was at the top and the Indonesian at the bottom. Thus,
the dominations of the rulling class could continue.
Sauki : how
was the legal system is connected with these three different group of society?
Sauri :
first, the dutch indiche staatsregeling’ defines who belongs to what group and
there was an article in it which regulates the law in force for each group.
Now, let we see here, which law was in force for which group?
Sauki : I
think I know the answer to that question. The European were subject to European
law, for the foreign orieantal, mostly Chinese, the European regulations were
applied and civil and commercial regulations for native group were based on
adat law, that is, on indegious customs and religion.
Sauri : well,
you’re great, have you read this book? How come you know to much on subject?.
Sauki : I’ve
made a brief study on the subject on the pluralism of Indonesian law, there is
aspect of the law that interest me a great deal, you know, Chinese traders in
Indonesia at that time often served as middlemen between dutch firms and the
local population. These traders were subject to European regulation, even
though European rules were not always suitable for Chinese customs and
traditions, this doesn’t sound logical.
Sauri :
yeach, that’s interesting, all right . but there was also a unique aspect of
the private law for the ueropean group. The book stated that the civil law and
commercial law applicable to the European group. Should be based on the private
law in force the Netherlands;
however, because of the special circumsrances in Indonesia, changes were made in the
legal system. This resulted in the development of a ‘weastern law’ which was
sometimes different from the dutch private law.
Sauki : I
still don’t see how the European and the foreign orieatals were made subject to
European regulations.
Sauri : well,
it was possible during the colonial rule, at that time, cristian Indonesians
were subject to adat law, despite the Islamic orientation of adat law.
Sauki : again
as I see it, the reason ewhy Chinese traders had to obey European law was to
facilitate their role as middlemen between dutch firms and the local
population. You see, the middlemen were very benefical for the dutch.
Sauri : oh
yes, the dutch did have many ways to streng hen themselves. The most popular
one was ‘devide rule (divide et impera). The dutch helped one small kingdom in
the country fight against another, but finally the dutch controlled both
kingdoms.
Sauki : I
would like to know more about the subject, but I have to go now. It’s lunch time, anyway it
Was nice talking to you. Can we discuss this again tomorrow?
Sauri : it’s
all right with me, is nine o’clock ok with you?
Sauki :
that’s fine eith me, see you tomorrow then, here at the library.
Sauri :
bye-bye.
Questions
leading to discussion
Read the
dialogue thoroughly, then aswer the following question.
1.
during the colonial rule, why the
people of Indonesian devided into
population group?
2.
how many population groups were
there at the time?
3.
what was the motive for the
division of the inhabitans in population groups in Indonesia by the dutch colonial
government?
4.
can you described each of the three population groups?
5.
what regulations were the
Europeans subject to?
6.
which law did the native groups
have to obey?
7.
which law was applied to foreign orientals?
8.
what did the Chinese traders serve
as?
9.
why is it absurb that during the
colonial rule Chinese had to obey European regulation?
10. what was the law for the European group based on?
11. why were changes sometimes made in the legal system of the
European group?
12. during the dutch colonial rule, cristian Indonesians were made
subject to European law?
13. according to the dialogue, why were the Chinese made subject to
European law?
14. how did the ducth stremgthen themselves during their colonial
rule in Indonesia?
15. can you give another examples of the ‘devide et empera’ aspect
of the dutch colonial rule?
16. what was the main weakness of Indonesian people in fighting
against the dutch In the old days?
17. who was the most famous king in Indonesian history for his
efforts to unite the whole Indonesian archipelago?
18. can you name other kings in the history of Indonesia who tried to unite the
archipelago?
VOCUBLARY VOCUS
The following vocublary items are taken from the dialogue, notice that
they are used in sentences in the context of law, study these sentence
carefully.
Interested (adj)-attracted, tertarik.
Many students are interested in studying law because law is noble
profesion.
Inhabitants (n)-settlers, penghuni.
The inhabitants of the islands wre native tribes of kapuas and singkep.
Archipelago (n)- many islands in a sea; kepulauan.
The Indonesian archipelago stretches from sabang to marauke.
Divide (v)-separate (into);split;break up;membagi
Opinions are divide on the question (issue); threre are people who
are for it and there are those who are against it.
Purpose (n) – the member of the committee held a meeting for the
purpose of studying the case carefully.
Population (n)- the number of people living in a place or country,
penduduk.
The population of Indonesia
a present is about 167 million; there is an increase of 2% every year.
Motive (n)-stimulus, reason, dorongan.
The members of the of the society did not have any motive to
following the rule.
Exatly (adv)-precisely; accurately; tepatnya.
He did not know exatly what be had to do to join the debating club.
Domination (n)-control; predominance, dominasi, penguasaan,
The state ideology pancasilla tries to stop western domination of Indonesia
society.
Continue (v)-go on; go farther, berlangsung.
Members of the society will continue to follow rules in order to keep
law and order.
Define (v)-describe; say something about; explain; menjelaskan.
How do the expert define law? Some experts define law as the natural
instinct for doing what is right.
Belong to ( v)- be a member of; termasuk.
He belongs to a law income group family as his income is only rp 50,000
a month.
In force (pharase)-be valid; hold true;berlaku.
The exit permit requiretment for foreigners is no longer in force in
some coutries.
Apply (v)-use;employ; menggunakan.
Several methods were applied to promote sales of domestic goods in
the Indonesian market.
Middleman (n)- any trader through whose hands goods pass between the
producer and the consumer; perantara.
Circumstances (n)-condition; fact; keadaan.
Result (v)-come about, happen as natural consequence; berkesudahan..
Possible (adj)- probable; feasible; mungkin..
Strengthen (v) to make strong; fortify; establish; memperkuat.
ADDITIONAL VOCUBLARY FOCUS IN THE FIELD OF LAW
ü
inherit (v)-receive
property, title,etc as heir: mewarisi.
ü
Exist (v) be; be real; have
being; ada, hidup, berwujud.
ü
Administer (v) control;
manage; put into operation; mengelola.
ü
Enforce (v) make effective;
impose; menjalankan.
ü
Unified (adj) combined,
united, formed into one; bersatu
ü
Promulgate (v) make public;
announce officially; mengumunkan.
ü
Overcome (v) be too strong
for; be made week; melakukan; mengatasi.
ü
Diverse (adj) varying;
different; seragam
ü
Requirement (n) demand,
need, syarat.
ü
Warrant (n) guarantee;
assure; menajamin.
ü
Subsequent (adj( the next
one; berikutnya
ü
Portion (n) part; sebagian
ü
Explicity (adv) clearly,
fully experessed; dengan jelas.
VOCABULARY
ACTIVITY I
In the
exercise below, supply each blank with a sentence of your own using the
structural from of the vocabulary item as indicated I brackets add a sentence
of your own.
Example;
Describe (v)
description (n)
(n) the police
are recording the description of the thief.
1.
diverse (adj) diversity (n)
diversified (adj)
(n) unity in
diversity means bhineka tunggal ika
(adj)……………………………………………
2.
dominate (v) domination (n)
dominant (adj)
(v) western
ideas dominate his policy
Iadj)………………………………….
3.
require (v) requirement (n)
(v) writing
requires special skills and talent
(n)………………………………………….
4.
define (v) definition (n)
definitive (adj)
(v) he defined
the marriage as matrilineal, not bilateral
(n)……………………………………………………...
5.
deviation (n) deviate (v)
(v) the lawyer
deviated from his original belief, now he is working only for money, not
protecting the poor.
(n)…………………………………………………………………
6.
distinction (n) distinct (adj)
(adj) there are
distinct behavior patterns between the javanese and the batak
(n)………………………………………………………………………..
7.
inherit (v) inheritance (n)
(n) his
inheritance a large sun of money; he can live comfortably in it alone
(v)…………………………………………………….
8.
serve (v) servant (n)
(n) he is a
public servant working for the department of education.
(v)……………………………………………………….
VOCABULARY
ACTIVITY II
Match each
word in column A with its synonym In column B
A
|
B
|
Exact
|
Announce
|
Exist
|
Part
|
Delay
|
Definite
|
Overcome
|
Overpower
|
Define
|
United
|
Indicate
|
Occur/happen
|
Unified
|
Show
|
Resuit
|
Live
|
Portion
|
Postponement
|
promulgate
|
describe
|
VOCABULARY
ACTIVITY III
Answer each of
the following question briefly, repeating the word in boldface in your response
Example;
What is myopia
?
Myopia is
shortsightedness.
1.
how long did he serve as chief
justice at the justice department?
2.
what he did inherit from his
parents when they died about ten years ago?
3.
what is population of Indonesia at present?
4.
what is the purpose of studying
law?
5.
how many provinces is indonesaia
divided into?
6.
why is dodi interested studying
law?
7.
how you define law?
8.
how can we strengthen our national
stability?
9.
when did he seve as a middleman
between the farmers and the pople?
10. how much money did you inherit from your late uncle?
11. to what kind of club do you belong?
12. what was his motive for defending the accused ?
13. exatly how many people are there in the class?
14. what kind of regulation is applied to workers in the company?
VOCABULARY
ACTIVITY IV
Cross out any
word or words that do not belong to each sentence.
Example :
He wrote the
letter before after the notary public
Cross out the
word after
They them do
not obey the rules
Cross out the
words them and note (them,note)
1.
such rules do not exist existence
in the primitive long ago property.
2.
she gave an exact exactly report
to the pritive presiding judge in the courtroom.
3.
his definition define of the
prisoners was when very clear to the police patrolling the street.
4.
the police are regulations
regulating the traffic in the business center of the city.
5.
he possessed a large amount of
money and a big piece of land inherited inheritemce from his him pather.
6.
in a small vilage of west java
almost everyday themselves belongs to in a vilage cooperative unit (KUD).
7.
every office has have iits own
regulations regulatory which workers must follow.
8.
as a member members of the city
council, he has served service the public very well.
9.
the domination dominate of
materialism in the various every proffesions Is obvious especially in big city.
10. the man can to describe describing very well the apprance of the
convict.
11. as islam and cristianity came to the country state, there were
are devations from the accident faith of the couple.
12. the army could easy easily overcome the communist uprising
revolutionary.
13. the witness’s trembling voice may result resulting from his
nervousness.
STRUCTURE
FOCUS I; the active and passive voice
When do you use the active voice? The active voice Is used in making a
straighfoward statement about an action; that is the “doer” of the action is
the subject of the sentence. In the passive voice; however, the ‘doer’ of the
action is not important to the meaning of the sentence; the subject of the
passive action is generally obvious to everyone. For example, “the man was
prosecuted at the district court” and “the man is sentenced to a five year
imprisonment” tn there two sentence is clear that the man was prosecuted by a
public prosecutor and in the scond example it is also obvious that the man is
sentenced to a five-year imprisonment by the authorities.
Therefore, in passive sentences, the subject of the passive action is
generally omitted. The omission of the ‘doer’ or the subject of the passive
sentences makes the statements impersonal in tone. This is one of the reason
why the passive voice frequently occurs in textbooks, in scientific, technical
or business reports, and newspaper stories. However., when it is necessary to
identify the sbject, a prepositional phrase with ‘by’ is used;
Observe the use of the active and passive voice in several of the basic
tenses in the following:
1.
they write down the rules on a
piece of paper. (active present tense)
the rules are
written down on a piece of paper. (passive)
2.
the father made the rules of
conduct.(active, past tense)
the rules of
conduct were made by father (passive)
3.
they have broken the law. (active,
present perfect)
the law has
been broken by them. (passive)
4.
he had reported the accident to
the police. (active, past tense)
the accident
have been reported to the police by him. (passive)
5.
he will hire a good lawyer.
(active, future tense)
a good lawyer
will be hired by him. (passive)
6.
she should type the report.
(active, modal auxilliary)
the report
should be typed by her (passive)
7.
any member of the tribe could use
the land. (active, past modal auxiliary)
the land
could be used by any member the tribe. (passive)
as you may
notice from the example above, the tenses in the active from to do the change
when they are transformed into the passive
in setences. In the transformation of active voice to pasice voice, the
cange in the form of the verb is very important. Notice the following changes
in the verb forms in passive voice for the different tenses and the modal
auxiliaries. In the list below, notice tah the main verb is always in the third
form or the past participle of the verb.
Active voice passive
voice
Present tense-write am/is/are+past
participle-is/are eriten
Past
tense-wrote was/were
+past participle-was were written
Present
tense-has/have written has/have + been +
past participle – has/have
Been written
Past perfect
– had written had + been +
past participle – had been written
Present
future – will write will + be
+past participle will be written
Past future –
would write would + be + past
participle – would be written
Present
continous – was/were/writing
am/is/are + being + past participle –
am/is/are being am/is/are
being
Past
continous _was/were/writing
was/were + being + past participle – was
/were being written
Can, must,
may, should, would modal
auxiliaries + be + past participle
, might,
write,etc.
Additioanol
examples of sentence in the active and passive voice iin the different tenses.
1.
A watch-dog guards the mouse.(
present tense, active)
The house is
guarded ( by a watch-dog). (passive)
2.
A thief stole a car from the house
last night. (past,active)
A car was
stole from the house last night (by a thief ). (Passive)
3.
He has also stolen jewelery from
the house by him (passive)
Jewelery has
also been stolen from the house (by him) passive,
4.
The man should report accident to
the police. (present modal auxiliary), (active)
The accident
should be reported to the police (by man), (passive)
5.
The government is going to crush
to revolution. (future),(active)
The revolution
is going to be crusted (by the government). (passive).
6.
He is going to kill the man.
(future), (active)
The man is
going to be killed (by man), (passive).
7.
The prosecutor is questioning the
man .(present continoud. Active).
The man is
being questioned (by the prosecution), (passive)
Sentence Transformation In The Passive Voice
Interrogative setences in the
passive voice are formed by placing the auxiliary verb into front of the
sentence, following by the subject, then the paaaast participle. Negative in
the passive are formed in the usual manner-that is by placing “not” after
auxiliary verb. Note how to the setences in the above examples are changed to
the interrogative and negative.
1.
Is house guarded by a watch dog
(interrogative )
The house is
not guarded by a watch-dog (negative)
2.
Was a car stolen from the house
last night? (interrogative)
A car was not
stolen from the house last night (negative).
3.
Has jewelry also been stolen from
the house?. (interrogative).
Jewelry has
not been stolen from the house (negative).
4.
Should the accident be reported to
the police? (interrogative)
The accident
should not be reported to the police (negative)
5.
Is the man going to be crushed?
(interrogative)
The
revolution is not going to be crushed (negstive)
6.
Is the man going to be killed?
(interrogartive)
The man is
not going to be killed (negative)
7.
Is the man being questioned?
(interrogative)
The man is
not being questioned.(negative)
A model
passage employing the passive voice
Note that the verbs in the passive voice are in boldface.
Under the adat law, in any family structure a man has to be engaged (tunangan) before getting married. The engagement
is based on an agreement between the
families of the future bride and groom (pengantin pria). Thus, there are rights
and duties between the couple and between their families. First, a proposal
made by parents of the boy to the parents of the girl. The proposal usually made as a request by the one family to become the in
laws (besan) of the other. Traditionally, this proposal always conveyed
(disampaikan) by representative-usually, someone very close to the boy’s
family, but today, it is often done by the parents themselves. If the proposal
accepted the result is not directly marriage, but rather priod of engagement.
The engagement formally starts as of the moment a special gift from the boy’s
side. In the most regional languages, the word for engagement gift’s ‘panjer’
or ‘pengancang’ ans is taken from the verb ‘to bind’ and means ‘binder’
(pengikat). Today, there is exchange of rings by the couples themselves, and
the engagement begin’s from the moment of exchange. Thus, the formal binding of
the families has to some extent been
indicated by the families and certains neigboors, and is followed by a communal feast-‘slametan’ the slametan’ is given by the girl’s father. Thus, in
part, the family aspect of the marriage is preserved
(dilestarikan)
Vocubalary
o
Conveyed-disampaikan
o
Bind-ikat
o
Binder-pengikat
o
Feast-slematan
STRUCTURE
ACTIVITY I
Fill the blanks with the correct tense, active or passive forms of the
verbs in parentheses.
Example:
The letter …….(mall) by air yesterday.
The letter was malled by the air yesterday.
1. in 1962 B. Ter Haar………(write) a book called ‘adat law in indonesia’
2. the book………..(translate) from thr dutch.
3.
under some traditional systems in
indomesia, marriages between persons of
different social classes(negative).
4. in indonesia,
for years, Islamic marriages……….(unite) in the adat ceremony.
5. in the Islamic marriages, a contract ……..(sign) by the
bridegroom and bride’s authorized guardian (wali),
6. formerly the contract ………(sign) at the mosque.
7. now it ………(do) either at mosque or the bride’s home.
8. the signing of the contract………(modal auxiliary-witness) at least
two witness.
9. Islamic law…….(require) ‘mas kawin’ or marriage gold in
marriages.
10.
different parts of Indonesia……………(have)
different marriages ceremonies.
11.
however, there (be) common aspect in marriages such
as rhe ‘mas kawin’ and the showering (mandi) of the bride.
12.
in many parts of Indonesia, the
‘Quran’ or holy book ……(be) the only ‘mas kawin’
13.
only n few traditional societies,
the ‘mas kawin’
(require-negative) in marriages.
14.
in fact, nowdays some people just
……..(get) married at the civil registration office thus, they do not need ‘mas
kawin’ or showering.
STRUCTURE
ACTIVITY II
Change the following setences to the interrogative and negative
Example;
The work can be done in
one hour (statatement)
Can the work done in one
hour (interrogative)
The work cannot be done
in one hour (negative)
1)
the adat law on marital property
has been influence by the familly system.
2)
According to B Ter Haar’s book,
properties are divided into four groups in adat law.
3)
The property was acquired by way of
Inheritance (acquired-mendapatkan)
4)
Ten years ago miss nandi pinta was
married to a man from toba batak ethnic group.
5)
Nandi pinta was descended
(diturunkan) from the minangkabau ethnic group.
6)
The minangkabau regocnized the
matrilineal system.
7)
The toba batak follow the
patrilineal system in marriage.
8)
After five years of marriage
pinta’s husband was killed in an accident.
9)
Nandi pinta was left without
children.
10) All her properties were returned to her husband to her husban’s
kin group.
STRUCTURE
ACTIVITY III
Change the following setences to question with the question words given
in brackets.
Example;
She was left her husband
during the war (why)
When was she left by her
husband.
1. introduction to Indonesia
law was written by prof. Gautama in 1973
(when)
2. this particular book should be read by all law students. *by
whom)
3. the marriage and divorce laws are clearly described in the book
(where).
4. now the book is kept in the ‘Lembaga Dokumentasi Hukum’ in Jakarta (where).
5. it cannot be lent to people because there are not many copies.
(why)
6. people are allowed to make photocopies of the book (what).
7. only few Indonesian law books are written in english because few
Indonesain translations of these books are avalaible. (why).
8. some law books are translated from English (whose book).
9. keke’s book are translated from the english (what).
10.
yesterday I borrowed keke’s book
(whose book).
11.
it must be returned on two days
(when).
12.
I must study the book fast by
skimming (baca cepat). (how)
13.
some people can read faster by
taking notes. (how).
14.
others can absorb meaning of
memoriezing (how)
15.
still others read only the topic
sentence or each paragraph to understand the whole essay. (why).
16.
meaning can be understood when we
read a paragraph thoroughly and carefully. (when).
17.
reading methods are taught by
experts in many books. (by whom)
18.
such books are written mostly in
English. (what)
19.
today many english books are
translated into Indonesia
by skilled translators. (by whom).
20.
translated books are sold almost
in all bookstores. 9where)
STRUCTURE
ACTIVITY IV
Change the verb in each sentence below from the active to passive voice
or vice versa.
Example;
She left him for another young man.
He was left by her for another young man.
1.
the colonial rules divided the
inhabitanrs of the Indonesian archipelago into the population groups.
2.
onther group distinctions were
also made by the dutch.
3.
the exact motive for this division
has been questioned by many historians.
4.
during the dutch colonial rule,
Christian Indonesians were always grouped with the indigenous population by the
legal authorities.
5.
ondonesian sholars know the
private law of the nederlands as the principle of ‘concordansi’.
6.
sholars described the principle of
‘concordansi’
7.
in 1948 the dutch civil and
commercial codes were promulgated for Indonesia.
8.
native groups should obey the adat
law.
9.
however, the law-makers were also
authorized to deviate from this principle.
10. sometimes deviation from the principle of the adat law was
required by the native population..
11. dutch authorities also applied the existing western law because of
the special needs of the native population.
12. some codes for the native group applied also to foreign
orientals.
